施肥和刈割对垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）、中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis）和羊茅（Festuca ovina）种间竞争力的影响

试验选用青藏高原东部高寒草甸普遍存在的3种禾本科牧草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)以及羊茅(Festuca ovina)进行种间竞争的野外研究.通过测定3种牧草生物量的干重,对其进行方差分析并计算了相对产量总和(RYT)以及竞争率(CR).结果如下:对实验物种竞争率(CR)的分析表明垂穗披碱草的竞争力最强,中华羊茅次之,羊茅最差.施肥和刈割处理对于原来的竞争格局没有影响,即在施肥、刈割及其交互作用下3种牧草的竞争等级均是一致的.对试验物种混播的相对产量总和(RYT)的分析表明:在中华羊茅与垂穗披碱草的混播中,两种组成物种利用相同的资源,表现出相互竞争的趋势,这种趋势是非密度依赖的;垂穗披碱草和羊茅混播,在低密度时,羊茅和垂穗披硷草可以共享资源,但是随着密度增加,羊茅和垂穗披碱草表现出竞争相同资源的趋势;在中华羊茅和羊茅的混播中,二者在生长过程中能够共享资源,有相互促进的趋势,表现出共生的关系,且是非密度依赖的.     

不同植物生长调节剂对中华猕猴桃扦插生根的影响

以中华猕猴桃"桂海4号"为试材,采用500mg·L-1、1000mg·L-1、1500mg·L-1三种不同浓度的吲哚丁酸、萘乙酸、和ABT生根粉处理插条,进行了猕猴桃扦插试验。结果表明:吲哚丁酸1500mg·L-1的扦插生根率极显著高于萘乙酸和ABT生根粉的各个处理,显著高于吲哚丁酸1000mg·L-1;吲哚丁酸对根数和根长的促进作用优于萘乙酸和ABT生根粉,ABT生根粉对于根粗的促进作用却较其它两者强;主成分分析结果表明,吲哚丁酸1500mg·L-1处理的插条生长情况最好。     

菊花扦插生根过程中超微弱发光及抗氧化酶活性的动态变化

以菊花品种'神马'和'万盛'为材料,对2品种插穗扦插生根及其过程中超微弱发光(UWL)强度和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化系统酶活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的动态变化进行分析,以探讨UWL产生机理.结果表明:(1)2个菊花品种插穗在扦插第10天后开始生根,15 d后迅速生根,第25天时'神马'的生根数(60.2个)比'万盛'(42.4个)多42.11%.(2)扦插生根过程中,'神马'和'万盛'插穗叶片UWL强度均比对照(母株)显著增加,第15 d时插穗叶片UWL均达到峰值,分别比对照增加125.70%和123.86%,且'神马'比'万盛'始终保持较高水平.(3)2个品种插穗叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均比对照显著增加,且在扦插第15 d时增加最多,之后缓慢下降,与UWL变化趋势相似;2个品种插穗叶片MDA含量比对照显著增加,但'神马'的MDA含量低于'万盛'.(4)相关性分析表明,菊花扦插生根过程中UWL与生根数相关性不显著,而与SOD、POD、CAT活性呈极显著相关、与APX活性呈显著相关.     

土壤原生动物对川滇高山栎恢复时间的响应及生长季动态

青藏高原东缘生态环境脆弱, 森林频繁遭到砍伐, 生物多样性受到严重威胁, 森林砍伐后的生态恢复成为研究热点。原生动物在生态恢复中作为指示生物起着重要作用。本文就未砍伐、砍伐后不同恢复时期(20年、10年和1年)生的川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)林的土壤理化性质和原生动物在生长季的变化进行比较研究, 以探讨生长季不同月份、不同恢复期的原生动物数量变化规律, 分析土壤理化性质与其相关性。结果表明: (1)恢复10年和1年的林地的鞭毛虫数量(193个/g干土, 164个/g干土)显著高于原始林地(22个/g干土), 肉足虫在恢复1年的林地中数量最多(600个/g干土), 纤毛虫数量则随次生演替进程逐渐增多。(2)在生长季不同月份原生动物的数量呈先增加后减少的趋势。鞭毛虫和肉足虫的峰值分别出现在7月和8月, 而纤毛虫的数量在7、8、9月明显高于6月。(3)原生动物数量与土壤理化性质密切相关。鞭毛虫数量与pH值呈显著正相关(P = 0.019), 纤毛虫数量与铵态氮(P = 0.002)和碳氮比呈显著正相关(P = 0.022), 肉足虫数量与硝态氮(P = 0.008)和碳氮比(P = 0.016)呈显著负相关。结果显示, 三种原生动物数量在生长季不同月份表现出较大的波动性, 其数量变化受土壤理化性质等多种因素调控。纤毛虫数量对川滇高山栎林砍伐恢复有正响应, 而鞭毛虫、肉足虫数量有负响应。     

Can generic knee joint models improve the measurement of osteoarthritic knee kinematics during squatting activity?

Knee joint kinematics derived from multi-body optimisation (MBO) still requires evaluation. The objective of this study was to corroborate model-derived kinematics of osteoarthritic knees obtained using four generic knee joint models used in musculoskeletal modelling – spherical, hinge, degree-of-freedom coupling curves and parallel mechanism – against reference knee kinematics measured by stereo-radiography. Root mean square errors ranged from 0.7° to 23.4° for knee rotations and from 0.6 to 9.0 mm for knee displacements. Model-derived knee kinematics computed from generic knee joint models was inaccurate. Future developments and experiments should improve the reliability of osteoarthritic knee models in MBO and musculoskeletal modelling.     

四合木茎插穗生根的解剖学研究

采用石蜡制片法对四合木茎插穗不定根的形成进行了解剖学研究,探讨四合木生根类型、生根部位、愈伤组织与生根的关系以及不定根的形成过程。结果显示:(1)四合木具有典型的木本植物茎结构,茎皮层内未发现厚壁组织。(2)四合木茎薄壁组织含有丰富的淀粉粒和蛋白质。(3)四合木茎插穗内无潜伏根原基,不定根由诱生根原基发育形成,诱生根原基是由愈伤组织自身的薄壁细胞反分化形成。研究表明,愈伤组织是孕育不定根的前提,四合木扦插生根属于愈伤组织生根类型。     

An ultrasound based non-invasive method for the measurement of intrinsic foot kinematics during gait

Soft tissue artefact (STA) and marker placement variability are sources of error when measuring the intrinsic kinematics of the foot. This study aims to demonstrate a non-invasive, combined ultrasound and motion capture (US/MC) technique to directly measure foot skeletal motion. The novel approach is compared to a standard motion capture protocol. Fourteen participants underwent instrumented barefoot analysis of foot motion during gait. Markers were attached to foot allowing medial longitudinal arch angle and navicular height to be determined. For the US/MC technique, the navicular marker was replaced by an ultrasound transducer which was secured to the foot allowing the skeletal landmark to be imaged. Ultrasound cineloops showing the location of the navicular tuberosity during the walking trials were synchronised with motion capture measurements and markers mounted on the probe allowed the true position of the bony landmark to be determined throughout stance phase. Two discrete variables, minimum navicular height and maximum MLA angle, were compared between the standard and US/MC protocols. Significant differences between minimum navicular height (P=0.004, 95% CI (1.57, 6.54)) and maximum medial longitudinal arch angle (P=0.0034, 95% CI (13.8, 3.4)) were found between the measurement methods. The individual effects of STA and marker placement error were also assessed. US/MC is a non-invasive technique which may help to provide more accurate measurements of intrinsic foot kinematics.     

不同林地清理方式对杉木林土壤肥力的影响

研究了杉木林采伐迹地及采伐后的炼山迹地的土壤物理性质、养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性.结果表明,采伐迹地的非毛管孔隙比杉木林地增加23%,自然含水量和毛管持水量则下降2%;炼山迹地土壤容重比杉木林地增加10%,非毛管孔隙、自然含水量和毛管持水量分别下降61%、48%和26%.采伐迹地有机质、全N、全P和全K含量分别比杉木林地下降14%、14%、3%和22%,炼山迹地分别下降37%、37%、47%和7%.采伐迹地碱解N和有效K含量分别比杉木林地增加24%和31%,有效P含量比杉木林地下降1%;炼山迹地的碱解N、有效P和有效K含量分别比杉木林地下降2%、43%和40%.采伐迹地的细菌、真菌和放线菌数量比杉木林地增加1.4、11.3和0.8倍;炼山迹地细菌数量比杉木林地减少24%,真菌和放线菌数量增加了.0和0.倍.采伐迹地脲酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素分解酶活性分别为杉木林地1.9、1.6和2.1倍,而炼山迹地分别为后者的3.4%、90%和106%.湿润土壤有机质、全N和全P含量高,疏松多孔的土壤有利于碱解N、速效P、速效K积累和脲酶活性的增加.真菌数量随毛管孔隙的增加而减少.通气良好有利于提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性.     

The Role of White Clover in the Loss of Diversity in Grassland Habitat Restoration

A field experiment was designed to recreate a species‐rich mesotrophic grassland community of conservation worth. Trifolium repens (white clover) was observed to increase significantly in both frequency and abundance in sown plots grazed by cattle, but not in plots cut in June and subsequently grazed by cattle. In both these treatments permanent quadrats containing clover patches were found to be lower in species richness than were quadrats without clover. In both treatments botanical diversity was seen to decline over time. In the grazed‐only treatment the loss of diversity may be linked to the increase in clover. In the cut and grazed plots, T. repens did not become so abundant but diversity was still seen to decline, possibly due to the loss of low growing species from the taller sward. A pot experiment which varied the sowing density of a mix of seven wild flower species in full factorial combination with cutting frequency was established on soils from an arable field also sown with a single density of clover. T. repens was seen to decline from initial high cover estimates in infrequently cut and uncut treatments. In the pot experiment where a grass component to the vegetation was absent, clover was seen to have less impact on the other forbs than it did in the field. It is suggested that, being a nitrogen fixer, T. repens may have a competitive edge in ex‐arable soils low in available nitrogen. The observed reduction in botanical diversity may be a result of this increase in available nitrogen, facilitating the spread of the sown grasses and preventing the recovery of the sown forbs that were excluded by the invasion of T. repens. It is suggested that reducing the proportion of grass in the seed mixtures during grassland habitat creation on these soils may help reduce or delay this effect.     

Hydrology of Dutch Cirsio‐Molinietum meadows: Prospects for restoration

Abstract. Fen meadows (Cirsio dissecti‐Molinietum) are seriously threatened by desiccation, acidification and eutro‐phication. In The Netherlands several projects were launched to restore damaged fen meadows. This review describes how successes and failures of these restoration projects depend on hydrological systems. Six hydrological systems have been distinguished, which all provide the site conditions required by this community. Nowadays, the best developed fen meadows are found in the higher Pleistocene landscape of The Netherlands, where they depend on base‐rich groundwater discharging from local or large groundwater systems. Fen meadows of the lower Holocene landscape usually occur in man‐made surface water systems. Almost all stands have been severely deteriorated. Restoration of fen meadows in the Pleistocene landscape is promising when the hydrology is only slightly disturbed or when hydrological measures are taken in combination with sod cutting. Restoration prospects of fen meadows in the Holocene landscape are low. Until now a complete regeneration of Cirsio‐Molinietum meadows has not been realized. Restoration measures failed to restore high pH values in the top soil. It is hypothesized that viable seeds of many target species lack in the soil seed bank. In addition, the dispersal capacities of these species seem to be limited.