成都市城市森林格局与热岛效应的关系

城市森林对城市热岛效应有显著的缓解作用,其景观格局对热岛的分布有巨大的影响.以成都市为研究对象,采用该地区2003年的spot、landsat-7卫星影像资料,在对成都市进行城市森林景观格局的定量分析和热量反演算的基础上,结合土地利用分类图、气象观测资料、绿地统计资料,建立动态监测和空间分析模式,对城市热岛的热力分布特征和城市森林格局对热岛效应的缓解作用进行综合分析.研究结果表明: (1)成都市热量分布呈现东南多西北少的格局,这与成都市城市森林西北多东南少的格局成负相关;(2) 城市绿化覆盖率越高,降温效应越明显;(3) 在绿化覆盖率相当的情况下,大面积集中的绿地的降温效应明显高于面积小的绿地.基于研究结果,建议成都市在合理规划城市森林布局的同时,适当增加大面积城市森林公园的建设.     

Salient components of a comprehensive service for eating disorders

Eating disorders are challenging and difficult to treat, because of the necessity of a multidisciplinary treatment team for effective outcomes and the high mortality rate of anorexia nervosa. An adequate initial assessment and evaluation requires a psychiatric assessment, a medical history and medical examination, a social history and an interview of family members or collateral informants. A comprehensive eating disorder treatment team includes a psychiatrist coordinating the treatment and appropriate medical physician specialists, nutritionists, and psychotherapists. An adequate outpatient eating disorder clinic needs to provide individual psychotherapy with cognitive behavioral techniques specific for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, family therapy, pharmacological treatment and the resources to obtain appropriate laboratory tests. Eating disorder patients requiring inpatient care are best treated in a specialized eating disorder inpatient unit. A cognitive behavioral framework is most useful for the overall unit milieu. Medical management and nutritional rehabilitation are the primary goals for inpatient treatment. Various group therapies can cover common core eating disorder psychopathology problems and dialectical behavior therapy groups can be useful for managing emotional dysregulation. Residential, partial hospitalization and day treatment programs are useful for transitioning patients from an inpatient program or for patients needing some monitoring. In these programs, at least one structured meal is advisable as well as nutritional counseling, group therapy or individual counseling sessions. Group therapies usually address issues such as social skills training, social anxiety, body image distortion or maturity fears. Unfortunately there is s paucity of evidence based randomized control trials to recommend the salient components for a comprehensive service for eating disorders. Experienced eating disorder clinicians have come to the conclusion that a multidisciplinary team approach provides the most effective treatment.     

人类血型性状综合遗传大实验的设计与教学实践

综合大实验能够训练学生灵活应用理论知识并掌握实验技能,成为当前实验课教学改革的重要方式。本文以人类的ABO血型性状为实验对象,设计了“人类ABO血型分子基因分型与群体遗传平衡分析”大实验。实验中提取同学唾液中黏膜细胞的DNA,经过PCR扩增目的片段、酶切及电泳分离一系列分子遗传技术分析,鉴定出每位同学的基因型;然后以全班同学为一个类似孟德尔群体调查ABO血型的各种基因型频数,用Popgene软件分析各种群体遗传参数。通过开放教学不仅让学生掌握了分子遗传实验技术和群体遗传分析技术及软件应用,还让学生自主设计方案优化分子技术环节,提高学生驾驭知识的能力。通过5年的教学探索与实践,建立了稳定的分子遗传实验体系,能够清楚地检测出ABO血型的6种基因型：I^AI^A、I^Ai、I^BI^B、I^Bi、I^AI^B、ii;综合了分子遗传与群体遗传的实验教学,统计全班同学6种基因型的频数,直接计算3个复等位基因的频率,进而应用软件分析群体遗传各种参数;实现了学生自主设计并完成实验的开放式实验教学;大实验教学获得了学生的好评,取得了很好的教学效果。该大实验可直接应用于生物类专业的遗传学实验教学,其中的教学理念和方法还可推广应用于其他生物学实验教学。     

Transport biofuels in global energy–economy modelling – a review of comprehensive energy systems assessment approaches

The high oil dependence and the growth of energy use in the transport sector have increased the interest in alternative nonfossil fuels as a measure to mitigate climate change and improve energy security. More ambitious energy and environmental targets and larger use of nonfossil energy in the transport sector increase energy–transport interactions and system effects over sector boundaries. While the stationary energy sector (e.g., electricity and heat generation) and the transport sector earlier to large degree could be considered as separate systems with limited interaction, integrated analysis approaches and assessments of energy–transport interactions now grow in importance. In recent years, the scientific literature has presented an increasing number of global energy–economy future studies based on systems modelling treating the transport sector as an integral part of the overall energy system and/or economy. Many of these studies provide important insights regarding transport biofuels. To clarify similarities and differences in approaches and results, the present work reviews studies on transport biofuels in global energy–economy modelling and investigates what future role comprehensive global energy–economy modelling studies portray for transport biofuels in terms of their potential and competitiveness. The results vary widely between the studies, but the resulting transport biofuel market shares are mainly below 40% during the entire time periods analysed. Some of the reviewed studies show higher transport biofuel market shares in the medium (15–30 years) than in the long term (above 30 years), and, in the long‐term models, at the end of the modelling horizon, transport biofuels are often substituted by electric and hydrogen cars.     

北京市8种常绿阔叶树种滞尘能力

为筛选适用于北京地区的具有优良滞尘能力的常绿阔叶型绿化树种,提高城市植被滞尘能力,选取北京地区园林绿化应用广泛的8种常绿(含半常绿)阔叶绿化树种,应用洗脱-质量差值法,于2014年冬、春季节对其单位叶面积滞尘量进行测定,计算单叶滞尘量和单株滞尘量,并对树种综合滞尘能力进行聚类分析.结果表明: 小叶黄杨、冬青卫矛、小叶女贞、金叶女贞、胶东卫矛、箬竹、早园竹和黄槽竹8种主要常绿(含半常绿)阔叶树种的滞尘能力存在较大差异,冬青卫矛具有最大的单位叶面积与单株滞尘能力,为1.36 g·m^-2和59.63 g·plant^-1,而箬竹的单叶滞尘能力最强(1.62 mg·leaf^-1).选择不同的滞尘量计量单位,树种滞尘量排序会发生变化.对8种常绿(含半常绿)阔叶树种做基于多指标综合滞尘能力的聚类分析可得到相应的分类,各类别代表不同级别的综合滞尘能力水平.其中,冬青卫矛、早园竹的综合滞尘能力较优良,而小叶黄杨、金叶女贞和黄槽竹的综合滞尘能力较弱.     

黑曲霉菌渣综合利用研究进展

黑曲霉菌渣是黑曲霉经过工业发酵所需产物之后的副产物,资源储量丰富。目前利用黑曲霉生产的制剂种类繁多,对菌渣综合利用的报道却相对较少。已有的研究表明黑曲霉菌渣不仅可作为饲料添加剂、有机肥料或土壤改良剂得到直接应用,也可用于精制,作为食品、药品和化妆品等行业的主要原材料,实现高附加值转化应用。还可作为生物吸附剂用于去除水体中的污染物等。本文结合目前国内外对黑曲霉菌渣在各领域研究及利用现状,综述了黑曲霉菌渣高附加值转化与利用的研究进展,可以为工业发酵废渣资源化利用提供理论参考。     

我国部分地区医药价格综合改革比较研究

目的 了解我国部分典型地区城市公立医院医药价格综合改革的特点和存在的问题。方法 基于内容分析方法,运用多机制框架比较分析浙江省、安徽省、江苏省和青海省四省城市公立医院医药价格综合改革的具体做法。结果 研究发现,政策协同性和激励作用有待加强;政府责任有待加强;尚未形成科学完善的医疗服务价格形成机制;医保作用未充分发挥;药品流通领域仍存在挤压空间。结论 建议采取多机制联动的医药价格改革;进一步强化政府投入和调控责任;逐步建立科学完善的医疗服务价格形成机制;充分发挥医保控费、补偿和约束引导作用;进一步挤压药品流通领域水分。     

我国三级综合医院医疗质量安全核心制度演化进程

通过系统回顾医疗质量安全核心制度相关的政策文件,整理分析我国三级综合医院医疗质量核心制度的演化进程,总结三级综合医院执行医疗质量安全核心制度的政策依据及原则;分析医院在落实医疗质量安全核心制度中存在的问题,有利于为我国医院持续改进医疗质量提供理论支持。     

鸡快慢羽性状遗传学基础分析综合实验探索与实践

随着全国“卓越农林人才教育培养计划”的开展,我校动物科学专业设置了“卓越班”,以突出培养学生的系统思维和创新创业能力为目标开展了系列教育教学管理和课程改革。为此,我们以“鸡快、慢羽性状”为实验对象,设计了“鸡快慢羽性状遗传学基础分析”综合实验,突出培养学生用理论知识解决生产实践问题的思维和能力。本文重点介绍了该实验作为动物遗传学实验教学案例的实施过程及效果,首先从鸡的表型观察逐步深入到遗传学基础分析,利用遗传学理论指导鸡快、慢羽品系培育的育种实践。实验内容涉及伴性遗传规律和性别决定机制等遗传学理论知识,同时还涉及基因组DNA提取、基因扩增、酶切及电泳分析等一系列分子遗传学的技术方法。不仅有利于学生综合分析能力和专业技能的掌握,还有助于培养学生对动物科学专业的科研兴趣和创新意识。此综合性实验还展现了用遗传学理论指导动物品种培育实践过程,符合动物科学专业复合应用型人才培养目标的要求,其中的教学理念和方法可推广应用于其他生物学实验教学。