棘托竹荪挥发油化学成分及抑菌作用的研究*

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取棘托竹荪的挥发油,得油率为0.45%。.应用气相色谱—质谱联用系统首次对其挥发油的化学成分进行研究。以FFAP柱分离出36个峰,用质谱法鉴定出28个成分,其主要成分为13-甲基-环氧十四烷-2-酮 (23.53%)、亚油酸(17.56%)、芹子烯(12.37%)、棕榈酸(8.20%)、9-十六碳烯酸(7.84%)、(-)-Lepidozenal(7.82%)等, 占总挥发油的97.76%。对挥发油进行抑菌试验,其结果为:桔黄青霉、啤酒酵母最敏感, 黑根霉、黑曲霉次之,白色假丝酵母、金色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌稍差。     

Hydroxyurea‐induced partial mushroom body ablation in the honeybee Apis mellifera: Volumetric analysis and quantitative protein determination

Hydroxyurea (HU) treatment of first instar honeybee larvae was previously shown to cause mushroom body (MB) ablations. Predominantly, either one or both median MB subunits were ablated. This prompted us to analyze the effects of asymmetrical or symmetrical HU‐induced MB ablation on both the morphology of the brain and on the level of three proteins (synapsin, PKA RII, and PKC), which are considered to play a role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. In brains with one median MB subunit missing the volume of the overall MB calyx neuropil in the lesioned side was diminished by 35%. This strong reduction occurred although the remaining lateral MB calyx of the lesioned brain side was found to be significantly larger than that of the intact side. Accordingly, in brains with both median MB subunits missing the size of the remaining lateral calyces increased. The various types of MB ablation differentially affected the amounts of synapsin, PKA RII, and PKC expressed in the central brain. In animals with bilateral and thus symmetrical MB ablation (both median calyces ablated) the protein amount was found to be similar to that in control animals. However, unilateral MB ablation causes an increase in the amounts of the tested proteins in the intact brain side, while the levels in the ablated side were the same as in control animals. These findings not only show that HU‐induced ablation of MB subunits is accompanied by volume changes and by changes in protein expression, but also suggest that these processes are highly regulated between the brain sides. The latter is of general importance in understanding the potential contribution of the MB subunits to learning and memory and their interaction between the brain sides. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 31–44, 2002     

Nitrifying activity monitoring and kinetic parameters determination in a biofilm airlift reactor by respirometry

The applicability of batch respirometry, as a simple technique for monitoring off-line nitrifying activity and kinetic parameters, was evaluated using two sets of ammonia and nitrite concentrations. The O₂ uptake rate (OUR) profiles obtained from the assays were adjusted to a substrate inhibition model. The maximum specific ammonia-oxidizing biomass activity (r_Smax) was 0.079 g N-NH₄ ⁺ g VSS^–1 d^–1 with a half saturation coefficient (K_S) of 11 mg N-NH₄ ⁺ l^–1 and an inhibition coefficient (K_i) of 3300 mg N-NH₄ ⁺ l^–1. Besides, the maximum specific value of nitrite-oxidizing activity was 0.082 g N-NO₂ ^– g VSS^–1 d^–1 with a K_S of 4.1 mg N-NO₂ ^– l^–1 and K_i of 1400 mg N-NO₂ ^– l^–1.     

The Cold Origin of Life: B. Implications Based on Pyrimidines and Purines Produced From Frozen Ammonium Cyanide Solutions

A wide variety of pyrimidines and purineswere identified as products of a dilute frozen ammoniumcyanide solution that had been held at –78°C for 27 years.This demonstrates that both pyrimidines and purines couldhave been produced on the primitive earth in a short time byeutectic concentration of HCN, even though the concentrationof HCN in the primitive ocean may have been low. We suggestthat eutectic freezing is the most plausible demonstratedmechanism by which HCN polymerizations could have producedbiologically important prebiotic compounds.     

密环菌胞外多糖的发酵条件研究

密环菌是天麻的共生菌,有研究证明,密环菌的菌丝及发酵液有与天麻相类似的药理作用,为此,我们进行密环菌深层发酵产胞外多糖条件的研究。研究结果表明：菌丝生长和多糖产生的最适初始pH为5．9左右;消泡剂用量在一定内增加,有利于菌丝的生长,但增加消泡剂用量会不利于多糖的产生;接种量大,菌丝得率高,但接种量为10％时的多糖得率最高;装液量试验表明,通气量大,有利于菌丝的生长和多糖的产生;机械搅拌对菌丝的生长和多糖的产生都不利;生长动态实验证明,密环菌可在6d内完成液体发酵;以豆粕粉作氮源时,菌丝得率最高,以麸皮作氮源时,多糖产量最高;红薯粉为密环菌菌丝生长和多糖产生的最适碳源。     

Egg cannibalism by Coleomegilla maculata lengi neonates: preference even in the presence of essential prey

Abstract 1. Egg cannibalism among coccinellids has been reported widely, however reasons why this type of behaviour is observed so frequently have been neglected. This experiment was undertaken to clarify whether cannibalistic behaviour is advantageous to Coleomegilla maculata lengi Thimberlake neonates and to understand the reasons for high levels of egg cannibalism.
2. Benefits gained by neonate cannibals were ascertained by comparing survival, developmental time, and second-instar weight of C. maculata larvae that were allowed to cannibalise conspecific eggs or not. Preference and behaviour tests were also conducted to assess the reasons for high levels of egg cannibalism.
3. Cannibal neonates grew faster and were heavier than non-cannibals. The developmental time of neonates was influenced more by prey vulnerability than by prey quality.
4. In choice tests, where three different proportions of conspecific eggs and aphids were offered (33–67, 50–50, and 67–33%), C. maculata neonates always consumed significantly more eggs. Manly's preference indexes indicated that neonates showed a consistent preference for conspecific eggs.
5. Seventy-five per cent of neonates observed went directly towards eggs and 90% of the first prey consumed by neonates were an egg. When aphids were painted with extract of crushed eggs and eggs with crushed aphids to determine whether neonates found eggs by chemical cues, neonates preferred aphids painted with egg extract to eggs painted with aphid extract.
6. It was concluded that C. maculata neonates benefited from cannibalistic behaviour. Moreover, egg cannibalism is not related only to frequency of encounter; chemical cues are also involved in egg searching.     

大气二氧化碳浓度变化对禾谷缢管蚜种群动态的影响

利用开顶式熏气室研究了大气CO₂浓度和土壤水分对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)种群动态的影响,并分析了禾谷缢管蚜密度与被处理小麦叶片化学成分的关系。结果表明：（1）禾谷缢管蚜种群密度随CO₂浓度升高而持续增大并与土壤水分密切相关,各CO₂浓度下均以60%田间持水量时的密度最大;（2）CO₂和土壤水分对小麦叶片化学成分有明显的影响,麦叶水分、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉含量随CO₂浓度和土壤水分含量上升而增加,纤维素含量随CO₂浓度上升而增加、随土壤水分含量上升而降低,单宁、丁布（DIMBOA）含量在CO₂浓度为550 μl/L时最高,但单宁含量随土壤水分上升而增加,丁布含量在60%田间持水量时最低;（3）禾谷缢管蚜密度与叶片水分、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉含量呈正相关,与丁布、单宁含量呈负相关。结论：在未来的气候条件下,随着CO₂浓度升高禾谷缢管蚜种群可能会持续增长,这种增长在半干旱区更加突出。禾谷缢管蚜种群增长的原因之一是大气CO₂和土壤水分条件改变了植物的化学成分构成。     

35种鲜花的抗氧化活性

采用了Fe^2 诱发的脂蛋白PUFA过氧化、H2O2诱导的RBC溶血和紫外线（UV）诱发的RBC溶血等3个体外抗氧化实验体系,对映山红（Rhododendron simsii Planch.)等35种鲜花的抗氧化活性进行了测定和比较。结果表明,在所测定的35种鲜花中,4种杜鹃属（Rhododendron L.)植物的花勒抗氧化活性最强。一定浓度白杜鹃[R.mucronatum (Blume)G.Don]花蕾提取液的抗Fe^2 诱发的脂蛋白PUFA过氧化活性明显高于维生素C。     

高砷区植物的生态与化学特征

 土壤砷污染是一种十分严重的环境问题,但目前尚无经济有效的治理方法。利用各种重金属的耐性与富集植物修复重金属污染土壤是当前的研究热点。通过对两个中国典型的砷矿区（炼砷区）土壤与植物的系统调查与采样分析,发现若干种植物对砷具有极强的耐性和不同程度的富集能力。砷在不同植物中的含量分别为：蜈蚣草（Pteris vittata）羽片1 600 mg·kg-1 DW,剑叶凤尾蕨(Pteris ensiformis)地上部1 230 mg·kg-1 DW,酸模(Rumex acetosa)地上部 440 mg·kg-1     

两个品系豚鼠对化学介质诱导产生气道反应的差异性研究

目的　研究新育成的Zmu 1∶DHP豚鼠气道对外界化学介质诱导产生的反应性。为研究哮喘选择和提供具有较高敏感性的速发型过敏性动物模型。方法　采用雾化气体吸入法 ,按递增浓度 ,让动物吸入组胺及乙酰胆碱气体 ,记录豚鼠到达哮喘发作时的介质浓度和呼吸频率及幅度 ,评定对化学介质的敏感程度 ,同时用DHP品系豚鼠进行对照。结果　当 0 2 %组胺浓度雾化吸入时 ,Zmu 1∶DHP豚鼠哮喘发作的呼吸频率及每分钟通气量 ,显著大于DHP豚鼠 (P <0 0 5 ) ;当 0 4 %浓度时 ,前者的潮气量及每分钟通气量 ,比后者有增高的趋势 (P <0 0 5 ) ;当0 6 %浓度时 ,前者的潮气量及每分钟通气量 ,显著小于后者 (P <0 0 5 )。二个品系豚鼠吸入乙酰胆碱雾化气体后 ,无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　在低浓度组胺雾化吸入时 ,Zmu 1∶DHP品系豚鼠产生哮喘的敏感性显著高于DHP豚鼠 ;高浓度时 ,气道可能因失敏而降低反应性