Rearing Tardigrades: Results and Problems

We report our first results of attempts to rear four species of eutardigrades inhabiting different substrates, feeding on different kinds of food and characterized by different sexual conditions and modes of reproduction. Attempts were carried out to follow individual terrestrial carnivorous (Macrobiotus richtersi, M. joannae) and limnic herbivorous (Diphascon cf. scoticum; Isohypsibius monoicus) species. Carnivorous leaf litter-dwelling species were reared in small dishes containing agar as substrate and bacteriophagous nematodes as food. Five generations were obtained with the triploid thelytokous strain of M. richtersi, whereas three generations were obtained with the hermaphrodite species M. joannae. Diphascon cf. scoticum and I. monoicus were reared in small dishes containing algae as food and substrate. Several generations were obtained for both species. Males were never found in D. cf. scoticum and I. monoicus was hermaphroditic. Specimens isolated from hatchings were maintained and reproduced in both species, demonstrating parthenogenesis in the first one and self-fertilization in the latter. Consideration of the problems and on the future applications of tardigrade rearing are discussed.     

树实验种群的繁育

探讨了树实验种群的繁育。结果是5对成年树在7个月内共产11窝31只仔树。27只出生后即人工喂养的仔树中,25只健康存活至进入动物实验。成年树平均产仔周期为（52±8.9）d;仔树的人工喂养成活率为92.6%。可以认为树实验种群的人工繁育是可行的。人工繁育的树有望取代野外捕获的树用于有关的动物实验研究。     

大树蛙与斑腿树蛙的繁殖与驯养

1997～2000年,在广州动物园生态蛙蟾馆观察与研究了笼养条件下大树蛙和斑腿树蛙的繁殖行为和驯养过程,比较了两种树蛙繁殖生态的差别。     

用马铃薯人工饲养马铃薯块茎蛾的方法

介绍一种马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaeaoperculella的室内人工饲养方法。在人工养虫室内用 1 0 %的蜂蜜水喂养成虫 ,用滤纸收集卵块 ,幼虫在薯块上饲养 ,化蛹于牛皮纸卷成的纸筒中 ,饲养结果发现马铃薯块茎蛾完成 1代大约需要 35～ 4 6d ,室内连续饲养块茎蛾 3代 ,卵的孵化率、幼虫化蛹率、成虫羽化率均在 90 %以上。     

不同温度条件对利用黄粉甲繁育管氏肿腿蜂的影响

在恒温 2 0 ,2 2 ,2 4,2 6,2 8和 3 0℃的实验条件下 ,利用黄粉甲TenebriomolitorL .做中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂SclerodermaguaniXiaoetWu ,测定了其发育历期和寄生率等生物学参数。结果显示 ,在被测温度范围内 ,管氏肿腿蜂的发育速率与温度呈正比关系 ,即随着温度的升高 ,发育历期逐渐缩短。卵至羽化的发育起点温度为 1 3 60℃ ,有效积温为 3 2 0 0 7日·度。温度对管氏肿腿蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂的数量和性比都有较显著影响。结合发育历期的结果 ,认为适于人工大量繁蜂的温度范围为 2 4～ 2 8℃ ,2 6℃为最适温度。     

一种简易繁殖潜蝇姬小蜂的方法

简要介绍了以蚕豆作为寄主作物,南美斑潜蝇作寄主,在自然条件下利用纱岗笼罩进行潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea Walker的人工繁殖方法。     

Reduction of maternal care: a new benefit of multiple mating?

Cost/benefit analyses have been used to understand the evolutionof mating by females with multiple males, as in extrapair copulations(EPCs), which are now known to occur commonly in socially monogamousand polygynous birds. Indirect (genetic) benefits have beeninvoked to explain such mating patterns in some cases, butdirect benefits have received less attention. We report a studyof direct benefits in the communally rearing Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina). The social mate of the mother (putative father)is the most reliable feeder of the young in his nest, regardlessof cuckoldry. Feedings provided by social fathers are not reducedin relation to their paternity loss. In contrast, mothers havingnestlings sired by a second male tend to have lower feedingrates than those without such young. Secondary fathers provideda significantly higher level of feeding to the brood of theirfemale than did (1) random nonbreeders of all ages and bothsexes, (2) random male nonbreeders of all ages, and (3) older(2+ years), male nonbreeders. Surprisingly, however, broodswith two fathers did not receive a higher level of total feeding,despite our observation that two-father broods had two more helpers, on average, compared to broods without extra fathers.Regardless of age or breeding status, males were more frequentfeeders than females. This study provides the first evidencethat one of the major costs of reproduction, maternal careof nestlings, is reduced for females that have young sired by secondary males.     

Effects of hand‐rearing on the reproductive success of western lowland gorillas in North America

This study sought to assess the potential effects of hand‐rearing by evaluating the relationships among rearing type and reproductive success in the American Zoo and Aquarium Association's Species Survival Plan^® for western lowland gorillas. Our study included data on 697 gorillas: 257 wild‐born (WB) and 440 born at zoos or related facilities in North America. We found no significant differences in the number of reproductive zoo‐born (ZB) and WB females, but more WB males sired infants than their ZB counterparts. This was influenced by a skew in the number of reproductive years for WB males in the studbook. ZB males showed no difference in infants produced per reproductive year, as compared to WB males, while ZB females produced more infants per reproductive year than did WB females. Mother‐reared (MR), ZB females produced more offspring and used more reproductive opportunity than hand‐reared (HR) females, whereas rearing had no effect on the reproductive success of ZB males. Moreover, MR and partially hand‐reared (PHR) females were more likely to become nurturing mothers themselves. Zoo Biol 21:389–401, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

小菜蛾群体繁殖技术

小菜蛾是世界性十字花科蔬菜的主要害虫 ,也是迄今研究认为抗药性发展最快、最为严重的农业害虫。害虫抗药性以及蔬菜害虫防治技术等方面的研究使小菜蛾成为重要的实验昆虫。本文讨论小菜蛾室内群体繁殖技术的几种方法     

灰稻虱的饲养和饲毒

灰稻虱的饲养 ,虫源可从田间直接捕获繁殖 ,饲料用稻、麦、稗均可 ,但以稗草为最佳。饲毒须用低龄若虫在罹病小麦或水稻上吸毒 3天以上 ,无毒虫饲毒后须经过 1 5天以上的循徊期后才能用于感染接种。所用的带毒病株可直接从田间寻获 ,若需自己制备 ,可将通过了循徊期的带毒灰稻虱接种到麦苗或稻苗 (3～ 5叶期为宜 )上传毒 ,待病苗症状表现后用于饲毒。本文详细介绍了 1～ 3代灰稻虱饲养饲毒的方法和步骤。