东濮凹陷沙河街组(古近纪)植物活动痕迹类型及其环境与层序地层学意义

植物活动痕迹即根迹,是层序地层学中识别低位期沉积的重要标志。东濮凹陷沙河街组(古近纪)根迹发育,形态各异,可分为A、B、C、D、E五种类型,分别被解释为五类次级沉积环境下的产物。其中A型根迹、B型根迹与河口湾沉积环境相关,前者见于河口湾陆方一侧的河口沙坝(bay head bar),后者则出现于海方一侧易受海浪冲蚀的盐碱凹地。已有资料证明,植物活动痕迹,结合动物活动痕迹和古生物学、沉积学研究,可为判别河口湾沉积环境、层序界面提供重要实据,从而在层序地层学研究和储层沉积环境探索中显示重要作用。     

岷江上游林农边界网络的生态效应

应用地理信息系统软件从遥感影像中提取出岷江上游的农田边界类型图,结合坡面尺度上林农边界效应的分析结果,对林农边界效应在景观尺度上的影响进行了研究。结果表明:研究区的农田边界共有5种类型,分别是农田与林地、灌木林地、草地、水体、建筑用地之间的边界,其中林农边界长2473.68km,占农田边界的37.57%,广泛分布在岷江干流及其支流的河谷中,在很大范围上影响着农田的土壤水分和生物多样性,对林地的影响相对较小;边界效应使林地边缘和农田边缘的土壤水分低于其内部,研究区有2103hm2的农田和371hm2的林地的土壤水分受到边界网络影响,分别占研究区农田面积和林地面积的2.33%和0.03%。由于土壤水分是制约研究区植物生长的限制性因子,且岷江上游的农田斑块面积较小且分布零散,因此应避免农林复合景观中边界密度进一步增加。     

华南上石炭统莫斯科阶-卡西莫夫阶界线附近的牙形刺

作者详细描述了华南上石炭统莫斯科阶-卡西莫夫阶界线附近的牙形刺序列,由上而下可划分为:Streptog-nathodus gracilis,St.cancellosus,Idiognathodus sagittalis,Swadelina makhlinae-Sw.nodocarinata,Sw.subexcelsa和Idiognathodus podolskensis带,并对这些牙形刺带进行了国际对比。同时认为,以Idiognathodus sagittalis的首次出现为卡西莫夫阶的底界是最好的选择。另外,文中的Idiognathodus sagittalis,Swadelina makhlinae和Sw.subexcelsa都是我国的首次报道。     

The Effects of Landmarks on Territorial Behavior in a Convict Cichlid,Amatitlania siquia

Defense of a territory is a primary factor determining the fitness of territorial individuals. Thus, territorial animals use a variety of means to lower the cost of territorial defense. Although landmarks are known to lower the defense costs of territories, little is known about how they could affect fundamental properties of territories, which could ultimately affect the demography, population regulation, individual behavior, and spatial ecology of a territorial species. This field study examined the effects of natural landmarks on territory size, shape, and defensive costs in Amatitlania siquia, a little‐studied member of the convict cichlid group native to Costa Rica and Nicaragua. We investigated the territorial behavior of 103 breeding pairs in a caldera lake in Nicaragua. During 10‐min focal observations, we recorded the locations at which residents chased intruders and then used these locations to outline the territory boundaries. Landmarks affected both size and shape of A. siquia territories. Territory size decreased as the percentage of the boundary at landmarks increased. Territories with <20% of their boundaries at landmarks were approximately circular in shape, while territories with 20–60% of their boundaries at landmarks were on average more elongated. These variations in territory size and shape significantly affected defense costs, with higher numbers of chases per square meter in small and elongated territories. These effects of landmarks on territory size and shape and defense costs are useful to understand the widely seen size and shape variations in naturally occurring territories.     

欧美杨对PM_(2.5)中重金属铅的吸附、吸收及适应性变化

针对PM2.5中重金属铅污染的日益加重问题,本文利用气溶胶发生系统模拟PM2.5含铅颗粒的发生,研究欧美杨107(Populus euramericana‘Neva’)叶片在不同浓度含铅颗粒物污染处理下对铅的吸附、吸收和转运,以及叶片气孔和相应生理指标的变化。结果表明:欧美杨叶片表面能够吸附含铅颗粒物,重度污染处理的叶片吸附的颗粒物数量多于轻度污染处理。2种铅污染浓度处理的欧美杨均是叶片中的铅含量最高,茎和根中的铅含量较少。但不同污染处理下叶中的铅向茎和根中的运输存在差异。轻度污染处理第3天时,叶中的铅仅运输至茎部,到第7天时运输至根,而在重度污染处理的第3天,叶中的铅已运输至根部。超微结构观察显示,叶片表皮细胞中的铅仅在细胞壁中出现,通过质外体向内运输至叶肉细胞,而叶肉细胞中的铅主要分布在细胞壁和细胞质,液泡中有少量分布。2种污染浓度处理后,随处理时间的延长,欧美杨叶片气孔的开度变小,叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量逐渐升高以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐增强。研究表明,欧美杨叶片具有吸附、吸收PM2.5中铅的能力,同时通过降低气孔开度、渗透调节、提高抗氧化能力等生理过程来应对大气中的铅污染。     

Crocodile swim tracks from the latest Cretaceous of Europe

Recently discovered evidence of tracks in the continental beds of the Late Cretaceous Tremp Formation in the southern Pyrenees (NE Iberian Peninsula) has been identified as scratch marks made by buoyant crocodiles. The tracks are preserved in two distinct environments and substrates (marly limestones originating in a littoral mud flat and fine‐grained sandstones deposited in fluvial settings). Most of the crocodylian traces are ascribed to ichnogenus Characichnos, whereas a single plantigrade pes track is assigned to ichnogenus cf. Crocodylopodus. The crocodylian swim traces (Characichnos ichnofacies) found in the early and late Maastrichtian co‐occur with Brontopodus ichnofacies attributable to terrestrial tetrapods (titanosaur sauropods, cf. Brontopodus ichnogenus; and hadrosaurid ornithopods, Hadrosauropodus ichnogenus). Analysis of the tracks allows the interpretation of palaeoenvironmental settings and track production. Thus, in lagoonal environments, swim tracks of crocodylians were produced during the rise of the water level in successive tide cycles; in fluvial settings, the swim traces of crocodylians were produced within the channel at the low‐water stage. To date, there are no reports of Late Cretaceous crocodylian tracks in Europe, and the studied evidence represents the first and youngest track record of the group in the latest part of the Cretaceous (C29r) in this continent and probably in the world.     

A process-orientated design and performance assessment methodology for passive mine water treatment systems

The aim of this paper is the development of a methodology for assessing the iron removal efficiency of passive mine water treatment settling lagoons and reed beds. Previous work in the design and sizing of coal mine drainage lagoons and wetlands has focussed on the use of standard hydraulic residence times or using the 10 g m⁻² d⁻¹ metric, these criteria have been applied without regard to the fundamental physical and chemical processes controlling iron removal in the system, namely the pH dependent rates of Fe(II) oxidation and physical settling of the particulate Fe(III). In this study field water quality data have been collected from lagoons and reed beds. These data are examined alongside data from the UK Coal Authority database and combined with simple mathematical formulations to provide a framework through which to understand passive treatment schemes from a process-orientated perspective. It is demonstrated that for the sites studied reed beds are more efficient for iron removal. This paper recommends that judgements of iron removal performance should be based on a derived treatment efficiency index (?) and that the modelling approach espoused in this paper should be used when designing passive mine water treatment schemes.     

鄱阳湖湿地水位变化的景观响应

根据《湿地公约》和《全国湿地资源调查技术规程(试行)》关于湿地内涵和界定条件,利用现代遥感技术和地理信息技术,提取鄱阳湖湿地面积为3886km²。在此基础上,利用多时段遥感影像,分析了湿地在相似水位条件和不同水位条件下的景观变化。结果表明,在相似水位条件下,鄱阳湖湿地景观变化主要表现为居民地和裸地面积增加,水域面积变化不明显;在不同水位条件下,鄱阳湖湿地景观变化比较显著。景观变化驱动力分析表明,湿地水位变化是湿地景观变化的主要因素。     

湖北宜昌地区下-中奥陶统界线疑源类生物地层学意义

根据牙形类Baltoniodus? triangularis的首现,中奥陶统和大坪阶底界已界定于湖北宜昌黄花场剖面大湾组底界之上10.57m.对黄花场剖面以及邻近的大坪剖面大湾组疑源类研究表明,某些疑源类属种具有生物地层学意义,其首现可用于识别奥陶系下/中统界线.     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙漠化临界区域土壤水分和植被空间格局

应用地统计学和经典统计学方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙漠化临界区域土壤水分和植被特征的空间分布格局及其相互关系进行研究,结果表明: 0-5 cm和5-10 cm土壤水分符合指数模型,10-15 cm土壤水分和植物群落物种数、植被盖度、植被密度都符合球状模型;0-5 cm土壤水分、植物群落物种数和植被盖度都具有强空间自相关性,5-10 cm、10-15 cm土壤水分和植被密度都具有中等程度的空间自相关性;从牛枝子群落到黑沙蒿群落,各层土壤水分与植物群落物种数之间具有相似的空间格局,都呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而植被盖度和植被密度呈逐渐减小的变化趋势;0-5 cm土壤水分与植物群落物种数之间具有显著的正相关,是制约植被物种空间分布的关键因素。