光照、盐分和埋深对无芒隐子草和条叶车前种子萌发的影响

光照、盐分和埋深对无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)和条叶车前(Plantago lessingii)种子萌发的影响研究结果显示,无芒隐子草和条叶车前种子为萌发需光性种子。随着盐(NaCl)浓度的增加,2种植物种子的发芽率呈直线下降趋势(P<0.01),但以条叶车前下降较为缓慢。当盐分浓度为0.4 mol.L-1时,2种植物种子皆不能萌发。低浓度的盐分促进胚根的生长,高浓度则表现为抑制作用;盐分对胚芽的生长则一直起抑制作用。2种植物种子发芽率随埋深的增加而减小,当埋深>2 cm时不能萌发。     

播种期和种植密度对冬油菜籽粒产量和含油率的影响

通过田间试验研究了播种期和种植密度对冬油菜籽粒产量和含油率的影响.结果表明： 播种期主要影响分枝花序籽粒产量,而种植密度不仅影响分枝花序籽粒产量,还对主花序籽粒产量产生一定影响;籽粒含油率不受播种期的影响.主花序籽粒产量占单株籽粒产量的比例随种植密度的增加而升高,主花序籽粒含油率比分枝花序高约1%,因此小区籽粒含油率随种植密度的增加显著升高.研究区冬油菜播种期不能晚于10月中旬,10月下旬播种会显著降低籽粒产量;种植密度在每平方米36～48株可以提高冬油菜籽粒产量和含油率.     

东北地区玉米生长发育特征及其对热量的响应

在大田条件下,以3个玉米品种（丹玉39、原单29和龙单13）为试验材料,设置早、中、晚3个播种期,分析了2007-2008年不同播期3个玉米品种关键生育阶段特征及其对温度的响应.结果表明： 从播种到出苗所需天数依次为早播(平均值为13 d)>中播(平均值为11 d)>晚播(平均值为8 d);出苗阶段平均气温在18 ℃左右时的出苗速率最快,气温偏高或偏低都会降低出苗速率.3个玉米品种在苗期营养阶段生育期天数的差异不大且受温度影响较小;从穗期阶段开始,晚熟品种龙单13的生长速率提高,成熟天数明显缩短;3个品种在穗期和花粒期阶段生长天数均随温度的增加呈减少趋势.全生育期地上干物质积累速率、产量、百粒重均表现为丹玉39>原单29>龙单13.     

Elevated CO2 increases water use efficiency by sustaining photosynthesis of water-limited maize and sorghum

Maize and grain sorghum seeds were sown in pots and grown for 39 days in sunlit controlled-environment chambers at 360 (ambient) and 720 (double-ambient, elevated) μmol mol⁻¹ carbon dioxide concentrations [CO₂]. Canopy net photosynthesis (PS) and evapotranspiration (TR) was measured throughout and summarized daily from 08:00 to 17:00 h Eastern Standard Time. Irrigation was withheld from matched pairs of treatments starting on 26 days after sowing (DAS). By 35 DAS, cumulative PS of drought-stress maize, compared to well-watered plants, was 41% lower under ambient [CO₂] but only 13% lower under elevated [CO₂]. In contrast, by 35 DAS, cumulative PS of drought-stress grain sorghum, compared to well-watered plants, was only 9% lower under ambient [CO₂] and 7% lower under elevated [CO₂]. During the 27-35 DAS drought period, water use efficiency (WUE, mol CO₂ Kmol⁻¹ H₂O), was 3.99, 3.88, 5.50, and 8.65 for maize and 3.75, 4.43, 5.26, and 9.94 for grain sorghum, for ambient-[CO₂] well-watered, ambient-[CO₂] stressed, elevated-[CO₂] well-watered and elevated-[CO₂] stressed plants, respectively. Young plants of maize and sorghum used water more efficiently at elevated [CO₂] than at ambient [CO₂], especially under drought. Reductions in biomass by drought for young maize and grain sorghum plants were 42 and 36% at ambient [CO₂], compared to 18 and 14% at elevated [CO₂], respectively. Results of our water stress experiment demonstrated that maintenance of relatively high canopy photosynthetic rates in the face of decreased transpiration rates enhanced WUE in plants grown at elevated [CO₂]. This confirms experimental evidence and conceptual models that suggest that an increase of intercellular [CO₂] (or a sustained intercellular [CO₂]) in the face of decreased stomatal conductance results in relative increases of growth of C₄ plants. In short, drought stress in C₄ crop plants can be ameliorated at elevated [CO₂] as a result of lower stomatal conductance and sustaining intercellular [CO₂]. Furthermore, less water might be required for C₄ crops in future higher CO₂ atmospheres, assuming weather and climate similar to present conditions.     

茄子野生近缘种托鲁巴姆试管微扦插繁殖技术研究

嫁接栽培是茄果类蔬菜防治土传病害和提高产量的重要措施之一。茄子野生近缘种托鲁巴姆(Solanums torvum)因综合抗性强,成为茄子和番茄嫁接的常用优良砧木。但是,由于托鲁巴姆种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数较低,苗龄较长,限制了其在工厂化育苗中的大规模应用,因此迫切需要开发其他方法及相应技术体系提高托鲁巴姆的育苗效率,降低育苗成本。为优化托鲁巴姆微扦插技术,该研究探索并优化了试管内微扦插繁殖托鲁巴姆技术,以无菌播种获得初代无菌苗的茎段为外植体,通过在培养基中添加植物生长调节剂,对比不同浓度植物生长调节剂对托鲁巴姆微扦插繁殖过程中的影响。结果表明:(1)托鲁巴姆在不同培养基中,腋芽诱导、继代增殖和生根培养的效果存在显著差异,初代芽诱导的最佳培养基为MS+KT 0.5 mg·L^-1+IBA 0.1 mg·L^-1,出芽率达90%。(2)继代扦插最佳培养基为MS+IBA 0.4 mg·L^-1,培养30 d的增殖系数达6.11,植株长势健壮。(3)最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.2 mg·L^-1,生根培养30 d,单株一级根数4.56条,最长根长125.80 mm、根粗0.50 mm,根系发达。采用试管内微扦插技术繁殖托鲁巴姆种苗,操作简单,增殖系数较高,可满足快速繁育种苗的要求。该研究结果为托鲁巴姆的工厂化规模育苗提供了新途径。     

Is there an associational resistance of winter pea–durum wheat intercrops towards Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris?

Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Aphididae: Hemiptera), the pea aphid, is an important pest in organic farming systems. In this work, the objective was to gather empirical field data on the associational resistance of durum wheat–winter pea intercrops towards the pea aphid, compared with pure stands of winter pea. Our results showed that intercropping winter pea with durum wheat significantly decreased A. pisum abundance in all the situations. Moreover, it was systematically observed that pea grew bigger in pure than in intercropped stands but after considering pea dry mass as a covariate, it appeared that the durum wheat–winter pea intercrop was still significantly less attacked by pea aphids than the sole crop. Intercrop sowing designs had an incidence on infestation levels: substitutive diversification systems of different types are more effective in decreasing the level of aphid infestation than does the additive system. In addition, substitutive row intercrop is significantly less infested than substitutive mixture. These results suggest that a mechanism related to the resource concentration hypothesis may explain the associational resistance of the IC of durum wheat–winter pea towards A. pisum.     

The Role of White Clover in the Loss of Diversity in Grassland Habitat Restoration

A field experiment was designed to recreate a species‐rich mesotrophic grassland community of conservation worth. Trifolium repens (white clover) was observed to increase significantly in both frequency and abundance in sown plots grazed by cattle, but not in plots cut in June and subsequently grazed by cattle. In both these treatments permanent quadrats containing clover patches were found to be lower in species richness than were quadrats without clover. In both treatments botanical diversity was seen to decline over time. In the grazed‐only treatment the loss of diversity may be linked to the increase in clover. In the cut and grazed plots, T. repens did not become so abundant but diversity was still seen to decline, possibly due to the loss of low growing species from the taller sward. A pot experiment which varied the sowing density of a mix of seven wild flower species in full factorial combination with cutting frequency was established on soils from an arable field also sown with a single density of clover. T. repens was seen to decline from initial high cover estimates in infrequently cut and uncut treatments. In the pot experiment where a grass component to the vegetation was absent, clover was seen to have less impact on the other forbs than it did in the field. It is suggested that, being a nitrogen fixer, T. repens may have a competitive edge in ex‐arable soils low in available nitrogen. The observed reduction in botanical diversity may be a result of this increase in available nitrogen, facilitating the spread of the sown grasses and preventing the recovery of the sown forbs that were excluded by the invasion of T. repens. It is suggested that reducing the proportion of grass in the seed mixtures during grassland habitat creation on these soils may help reduce or delay this effect.     

Assessing seed priming,sowing date,and mulch film to improve the germination and survival of direct‐sown Miscanthus sinensis in the United Kingdom

Direct sowing of Miscanthus seed could lower crop establishment costs, and increase the rate of grower uptake and biomass supply for the emerging bio‐economy. A replicated field trial was conducted at two contrasting UK sites: Aberystwyth (ABR) in mid‐Wales and Blankney (BLK) in Lincolnshire. These sites encompass the west–east meteorological gradient in the United Kingdom where the growing season at ABR is cooler and wetter while BLK is warmer and drier. Primed and unprimed Miscanthus sinensis seeds were sown directly onto the soil surface with and without a clear biodegradable mulch film, at nine dates interspersed from May to October. Average daily mean soil surface temperatures measured over the first 2 months after sowing under the mulch film were higher than control plots (2.7°C ABR and 4.2°C BLK). At both sites, the film covering also affected soil volumetric moisture relative to uncovered control plots (?3% ABR and 8% BLK), demonstrating the negative impact of mulch film when sowing on dry soil. Over nine sowings, seed germination at ABR under film varied between ?28% and +18% of germination under control conditions. Seedlings from the first three sowings at both sites under film had sufficient physiological maturity to survive the first winter period. At BLK, mulch film significantly increased tiller count and height in both the first and second years after sowing. At ABR, where temperatures were lower, film covering significantly increased tiller height but not count. Water priming had no significant effect on seed viability or germination in the field tests. Base temperatures for germination of primed and unprimed seeds on a thermal gradient plate were 7.0°C and 5.7°C, respectively, with a ± 1.7°C confidence interval. Based on our results for M. sinensis in the United Kingdom, we recommend the sowing of unprimed seed in May under film and only when the soil is moist.     

Rice cultivar difference in seedling establishment in flooded soil

Seedling establishment of direct sown rice plants is less successful in flooded soil than in drained soil. This study was conducted to clarify the difference in morphogenesis of rice seeds sown in flooded and drained soils and to identify the morphological characteristics responsible for successful establishment of cultivars in flooded soil. Rice cultivars ASD1 and IR41996–50–2–1–3, superior in seedling establishment in flooded soil, and Mahsuri and IR72, non-superior (control), were sown at a depth of 25 mm in soil flooded with 25 mm of water or in drained soil. The coleoptile and 1st leaf emerged from the soil surface simultaneously in drained soil while in flooded soil the coleoptile emerged first. The coleoptile of superior cultivars, unlike the controls, elongated more in flooded soil than in drained soil. In flooded soil, the development of mesocotyl, 1st leaf, and roots were inhibited to a greater extent in the controls, than in the superior cultivars. In sealed flasks in which gas containing 0–21% O2 was exchanged daily, the superior cultivars developed longer coleoptiles than the controls at lower O2 concentrations. These findings suggest that the reason superior cultivars grow better in flooded soil than the controls is that the coleoptile elongates faster and longer in hypoxia and is able to reach the soil surface where O2 is available.     

古国槐叶片溶磷内生真菌的筛选及其促生潜力初探

该试验从周公庙古国槐叶片内分离、筛选具有溶磷能力的内生真菌,采用溶磷圈法和钼锑抗比色法测定其溶解无机磷的能力,同时测定其回接后对国槐无菌苗叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响,探究内生真菌的溶磷能力及其促生效应。结果表明:(1)从古国槐叶片中分离出的55株内生真菌中,28株具有溶磷能力,其中溶磷能力较强的活性菌株有12株:ZG-7为拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis sp.),ZG-9、ZG-23、ZG-32、ZG-36和ZG-53为镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.),ZG-15和ZG-34为曲霉(Aspergillus sp.),ZG-39和ZG-51为链格孢(Alternariasp.),ZG-42为木霉(Trichoderma sp.),ZG-48为附球菌(Epicoccumsp.)。(2)曲霉属真菌ZG-15和ZG-34的溶磷圈直径(d)及其与菌落直径(D)的比值d/D均高于其他菌株,对Ca_3(PO_4)_2的溶解能力最强(1 238.28和941.22mg·L-1),并极显著高于其他菌株(P0.01)。(3)4株内生真菌ZG-7、ZG-9、ZG-15和ZG-48回接至国槐无菌苗10d后,可从苗根组织的皮层细胞中观察到内生菌丝,其中黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)ZG-15可显著提高国槐无菌苗的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD、POD活性(P0.05),从而维持幼苗的正常生长和提高其抗逆能力,为该试验得到的促生潜力优势内生真菌,可为古国槐的有效保护及林木溶磷生物菌肥的生产提供依据。