持续颅内压监测对大面积脑梗死外科治疗预后的应用价值

目的:探讨持续颅内压(ICP)监测对大面积脑梗死外科治疗预后的应用价值。方法:选取2013年3月至2018年3月期间在我院接受治疗的大面积脑梗死患者100例作为研究对象,所有患者经去骨瓣减压术后行ICP监测和生命体征监测,通过结果分为:低压组62例(2.70kPa≤ICP5.30kPa),高压组38例(ICP≥5.30 kPa)。记录患者ICP监测数值,接收者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析患者预后情况,对患者进行术后3个月内随访,了解患者平常活动能力进行判断预后的状况。观察ICP与预后的相关性。结果:两组患者性别、年龄、室速、室性早搏、糖尿病、高血压病、脑卒中、高脂血症、风心病、冠心病、扩张性心肌病、既往心肌梗死、肥厚性心肌病、甲亢性心脏病等资料比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。低压组患者中预后良好的ICP监测值显著低于预后不良者(P0.05),高压组中预后良好的ICP监测值显著低于预后不良者(P0.05)。ICP预测大面积脑梗死外科治疗预后的ROC曲线面积0.704,采用最大约等指数计算得出ICP预测大面积脑梗死外科治疗预后的最大AUC面积相应参数截止值为4.89,其中敏感度为0.435,特异性为0.896。结论:持续ICP监测结果显示ICP值越小,患者的预后就越好,ICP值越高,患者的预后越差。ICP监测对大面积脑梗死外科治疗的预后具有预测价值,对判断和改善预后能起到有效帮助,值得在临床推广应用。     

CT联合MRI在早期肝癌诊断临床价值分析

摘要 目的：探究CT联合MRI在早期肝癌诊断中的应用价值。方法：选择2016年6月至2019年6月于我院接受诊断治疗的78例已知或疑似肝癌患者,分别对其实施CT及MRI检测,以病灶部位病理学检查结果为金标准（50例确诊为早期肝癌,28例为良性病变）,分别评估CT、MRI、CT联合MRI对早期肝癌的诊断价值,将确诊为肝癌的50例患者按照病灶大小区分为直径≤3 cm组（21例）和>3 cm组（29例）,对比CT与MRI对不同直径肝癌诊断率。结果：（1）检测发现,CT对早期肝癌诊断一致性为73.08 %,灵敏度为72.00 %,特异度为75.00 %;（2）MRI对早期肝癌诊断一致性为82.05 %,灵敏度为82.00 %,特异度为82.14 %;（3）CT联合MRI检测对早期肝癌诊断一致性为93.59 %,灵敏度为92.00 %,特异度为96.43 %;（4）对比发现,对直径≤3 cm的早期肝癌患者,MRI诊断率明显高于CT（95.24 % vs 76.19 %,P<0.05）。结论：CT及MRI对早期肝癌均具有较好的诊断价值,但联合检测明显优于任一单独检测,同时对病灶直径≤3 cm的早期肝癌患者,MRI诊断准确率更高。     

Early vigour in wheat: Could it lead to more severe terminal drought stress under elevated atmospheric [CO2] and semi‐arid conditions?

Early vigour in wheat is a trait that has received attention for its benefits reducing evaporation from the soil surface early in the season. However, with the growth enhancement common to crops grown under elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (e[CO₂]), there is a risk that too much early growth might deplete soil water and lead to more severe terminal drought stress in environments where production relies on stored soil water content. If this is the case, the incorporation of such a trait in wheat breeding programmes might have unintended negative consequences in the future, especially in dry years. We used selected data from cultivars with proven expression of high and low early vigour from the Australian Grains Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (AGFACE) facility, and complemented this analysis with simulation results from two crop growth models which differ in the modelling of leaf area development and crop water use. Grain yield responses to e[CO₂] were lower in the high early vigour group compared to the low early vigour group, and although these differences were not significant, they were corroborated by simulation model results. However, the simulated lower response with high early vigour lines was not caused by an earlier or greater depletion of soil water under e[CO₂] and the mechanisms responsible appear to be related to an earlier saturation of the radiation intercepted. Whether this is the case in the field needs to be further investigated. In addition, there was some evidence that the timing of the drought stress during crop growth influenced the effect of e[CO₂] regardless of the early vigour trait. There is a need for FACE investigations of the value of traits for drought adaptation to be conducted under more severe drought conditions and variable timing of drought stress, a risky but necessary endeavour.     

The genetics of evolutionary radiations

With the realization that much of the biological diversity on Earth has been generated by discrete evolutionary radiations, there has been a rapid increase in research into the biotic (key innovations) and abiotic (key environments) circumstances in which such radiations took place. Here we focus on the potential importance of population genetic structure and trait genetic architecture in explaining radiations. We propose a verbal model describing the stages of an evolutionary radiation: first invading a suitable adaptive zone and expanding both spatially and ecologically through this zone; secondly, diverging genetically into numerous distinct populations; and, finally, speciating. There are numerous examples of the first stage; the difficulty, however, is explaining how genetic diversification can take place from the establishment of a, presumably, genetically depauperate population in a new adaptive zone. We explore the potential roles of epigenetics and transposable elements (TEs), of neutral process such as genetic drift in combination with trait genetic architecture, of gene flow limitation through isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by ecology and isolation by colonization, the possible role of intra‐specific competition, and that of admixture and hybridization in increasing the genetic diversity of the founding populations. We show that many of the predictions of this model are corroborated. Most radiations occur in complex adaptive zones, which facilitate the establishment of many small populations exposed to genetic drift and divergent selection. We also show that many radiations (especially those resulting from long‐distance dispersal) were established by polyploid lineages, and that many radiating lineages have small genome sizes. However, there are several other predictions which are not (yet) possible to test: that epigenetics has played a role in radiations, that radiations occur more frequently in clades with small gene flow distances, or that the ancestors of radiations had large fundamental niches. At least some of these may be testable in the future as more genome and epigenome data become available. The implication of this model is that many radiations may be hard polytomies because the genetic divergence leading to speciation happens within a very short time, and that the divergence history may be further obscured by hybridization. Furthermore, it suggests that only lineages with the appropriate genetic architecture will be able to radiate, and that such a radiation will happen in a meta‐population environment. Understanding the genetic architecture of a lineage may be an essential part of accounting for why some lineages radiate, and some do not.     

Resource diversity promotes among‐individual diet variation,but not genomic diversity,in lake stickleback

Many generalist species consist of specialised individuals that use different resources. This within‐population niche variation can stabilise population and community dynamics. Consequently, ecologists wish to identify environmental settings that promote such variation. Theory predicts that environments with greater resource diversity favour ecological diversity among consumers (via disruptive selection or plasticity). Alternatively, niche variation might be a side‐effect of neutral genomic diversity in larger populations. We tested these alternatives in a metapopulation of threespine stickleback. Stickleback consume benthic and limnetic invertebrates, focusing on the former in small lakes, the latter in large lakes. Intermediate‐sized lakes support generalist stickleback populations using an even mixture of the two prey types, and exhibit greater among‐individual variation in diet and morphology. In contrast, genomic diversity increases with lake size. Thus, phenotypic diversity and neutral genetic polymorphism are decoupled: trophic diversity being greatest in intermediate‐sized lakes with high resource diversity, whereas neutral genetic diversity is greatest in the largest lakes.     

Do innate killing mechanisms activated by inflammasomes have a role in treating melanoma?

Melanoma, as for many other cancers, undergoes a selection process during progression that limits many innate and adaptive tumor control mechanisms. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade overcomes one of the escape mechanisms but if the tumor is not eliminated other escape mechanisms evolve that require new approaches for tumor control. Some of the innate mechanisms that have evolved against infections with microorganisms and viruses are proving to be active against cancer cells but require better understanding of how they are activated and what inhibitory mechanisms may need to be targeted. This is particularly so for inflammasomes which have evolved against many different organisms and which recruit a number of cytotoxic mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Equally important is understanding of where these mechanisms will fit into existing treatment strategies and whether existing strategies already involve the innate killing mechanisms.     

长江三角洲核心区绿地系统时空演变特征及生态服务价值评估

在经济建设与环境保护矛盾突出的背景下,研究区域绿地系统时空演化特征,探讨人为因素对绿地系统生态服务的影响,对于改善绿地资源管理、促进区域永续协调发展具有重要意义。本研究基于景观生态学研究方法和生态服务价值当量因子评估法,运用ArcGIS 10.2软件的空间分析功能,对1990-2015年长江三角洲核心区绿地系统时空演化特征及生态服务价值进行了分析。结果表明:(1)长三角核心区绿地景观规模随时间的变化具有阶段性特征,呈现先扩大后缩减的态势;绿地景观与其他土地利用类型的转移存在阶段性与指向性特征;绿地景观格局总体上表现为初期集聚同质化、后期破碎异质化。(2)长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务价值随时间变化明显,不同绿地景观类型有不同的阶段性特征;长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务类型中,调节服务对于绿地系统整体生态服务价值贡献最大。(3)长三角核心区绿地系统生态服务价值在空间上呈现南北不均衡的特征,总体上呈南高北低态势,其中杭州市绿地系统生态服务价值在不同阶段均最高。区域地形地貌是影响区域生态服务价值的一个重要因素。     

格网尺度下青海玛多县土地利用及生态系统服务价值空间自相关分析

开展黄河源区土地利用和生态系统服务价值空间量化评估,对于保障黄河流域生态安全具有重要意义。以黄河源区玛多县为例,基于3 km×3 km网格单元,应用空间自相关方法构建生态系统服务价值评价模型,定量评价了2015年玛多县土地利用/覆被空间自相关格局特征,可视化表达了玛多县生态系统服务价值空间信息。结果表明: 在3 km×3 km格网尺度下,不同覆盖度草地覆盖范围广阔;水域网格占总网格数的42.9%,在玛多县西北部分布密集;建设用地呈东北-西南走向的“线条式”分布;未利用土地体现为西南多、东北少的分布格局。在空间上,玛多县土地利用类型网格之间相互影响,表现为正相关性和聚集分布。水域的全局Moran I和局部Moran I值均最大,空间聚集性最强,局部连片度较高。建设用地的全局Moran I和局部Moran I值分别为0.293和0.127,空间自相关性最弱,在小范围内呈聚集特点。2015年,玛多县生态系统服务价值(ESV)为938.87亿元,网格的ESV平均值为3.20×10⁷元,最大值为19.96×10⁷元,水域分布网格是ESV的高值区。玛多县ESV分布格局整体上呈显著的空间正向自相关,ESV在网格之间为聚集分布。不同土地利用类型ESV网格总体呈高高、低低聚集,在局部零星为高低、低高聚集。可采取的国土空间规划与用途管制策略包括:水域、未利用土地采用强调生态溢出价值的“集中连片式”保护模式,高、中、低覆盖度草地采取主次分明、划区管理的“组团式”生态治理模式,建设用地在“廊道式”分布格局中采取小范围集约化开发利用模式。