两个不同葡萄种对高湿弱光气候的表现

在高湿弱光条件下 ,对欧亚种葡萄无核白鸡心、京玉、汤姆逊无核、火红无核、深红无核、红地球、里查马特和美人指与欧美杂交种葡萄巨峰、藤稔、醉金香和金星无核进行了研究。与欧美杂交种比较 ,欧亚种葡萄普遍表现徒长 ,花芽形成困难 ,产量低下。高湿弱光使大部分欧亚种葡萄 PS 光化学效率 Fv/ Fm、光化学猝灭系数 q P、最大荧光 Fm和 PS 非环式电子流的量子效率 PS 下降 ,而初始荧光 Fo与非光化学猝灭系数 q N上升 ,净光合作用与初始荧光 Fo、最大荧光 Fm、PS 光化学效率 Fv/Fm、PS 非环式电子流的量子效率 PS 、光化学猝灭系数 q P和荧光非化学猝灭系数 q N之间存在着显著或极显著的相关性(r=- 0 .782 1* ,r=0 .9384 * * ,r=0 .8176 * ,r=0 .90 11* * ,r=0 .880 1* * ,r=- 0 .86 2 5 * * ) ,表明光合结构受到一定的破坏。大部分欧亚种葡萄叶片叶绿素 a与叶绿素 b显著或极显著低于欧美杂交种葡萄 ,表明吸收光的能力较差 ;部分欧亚种葡萄叶片叶绿素 a/ b与欧美杂交种无明显差异 ,表明利用散射光的能力较强 ;叶绿素 a/ b与乙醇酸氧化酶活性存在着显著的负相关 (r=- 0 .780 0 * ) ,叶绿素 a/ b高的品种光呼吸也高。大部分欧亚种葡萄乙醇酸氧化酶活性低于欧美杂交种 ,乙醇酸氧化酶活性与产量和净光合速     

温、湿度对南美斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇羽化的影响

在实验条件下 ,研究了温湿度对南美斑潜蝇Liriomgzahuidobrensis和美洲斑潜蝇Liriomgzasativae羽化的影响。结果表明 ,温度对 2种斑潜蝇日羽化节律有显著的影响。随温度的升高 ,成虫的日羽化时段相应缩短 ,日羽化高峰期相应提前。且 2种斑潜蝇的羽化均集中在 1 2 :0 0之前。 2种斑潜蝇羽化所需要的最适温度 :南美斑潜蝇为 2 0℃ ,美洲斑潜蝇为 2 5℃ ;羽化所需要的最适相对湿度 :南美斑潜蝇为90 % ,美洲斑潜蝇为 1 0 0 %。     

Scaling Vo2 Peak in Obese and Non‐obese Girls

Objective: The conventional ratio method (milliliters O₂ per mass) typically is used to express Vo ₂ peak. The goal of the current study was to compare Vo ₂ peak of obese girls with normal‐weight girls by ratio and allometric scaling methods. Research Methods and Procedures: We compared Vo ₂ peak by ratio and allometric methods in 46 obese and 47 normal‐weight girls. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure Vo ₂ peak during either treadmill running or walking. Regression analysis was used to determine coefficients for mass and stature for each group with ANOVA used to compare data between groups. Results: The obese girls were taller and had higher values of body fatness (p ≤ 0.05). Absolute Vo ₂ peak (liters per minute) was similar between groups ; however Vo ₂ peak relative to mass was 50% lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the obese girls. When Vo ₂ peak (milliliters per minute per kilogram) and mass were correlated, r = ?0.48 was found in the obese group. Allometric scaling of logarithmic transformed stature and mass reduced this to r = ?0.002, thus eliminating the bias associated with the ratio method. Adjusting Vo ₂ peak allometrically scaled for mass, stature, and the combination of mass and stature reduced the difference between groups from 50% (ratio method) to 10% to 11% (p ≤ 0.05) with higher values found in the normal‐weight girls. Discussion: These results demonstrate the bias associated with the ratio method when comparing Vo ₂ peak in obese girls with Vo ₂ peak in normal‐weight girls. Allometric scaling eliminated the bias and thus may reflect a truer comparative response.     

飞虱虫疠霉继发性感染对桃蚜数量增长的控制作用

用飞虱虫疠霉（Pandora delphaics)“孢子浴”接种的桃蚜(Myzus persicae)无翅成蚜在离体甘蓝菜叶片（65cm^2)上建立蚜群,在不同温度（10－30℃）和湿度（74％－100％RH）的组合条件下任其繁衍,发病和交互感染,以评价该菌的控蚜效果。在25个温,湿度组合处理（8次重复,每重复含3头接种成蚜)中,蚜群均不同程度的发病死亡,在历时30d的观察中,以高温（20－30℃）,高湿（95％RH）组合条件下的蚜群发病快且死亡率高,蚜尸上产生的孢子有效地引起若蚜继发性感染。与相同温度下不带菌的对照蚜群相比,次于30℃下,各湿度除个别例外,第8d的控蚜率达30％以上,第20d达80％以上。在10℃和15℃下,控蚜效果一般不如上述较高温度下,且与湿度的关联程度相对较低,但最大控蚜效果均发生在100％RH处理中。结果表明,飞虱虫疠霉用于蚜虫防治的潜力很大,值得深入研究和开发利用。     

Recipes for successful anhydrobiosis in bdelloid rotifers

We tested the effect of several environmental variables on the ability of three bdelloid rotifers (Macrotrachela quadricornifera, Philodina roseola and Adineta oculata) to recover from the anhydrobiotic state. The variables we examined were (1) rate of water evaporation, (2) relative humidity during anhydrobiosis, (3) temperature during anhydrobiosis, (4) duration of anhydrobiosis, and (5) rehydration rate. Our results indicate that bdelloids can regulate to some degree net water balance during onset and termination of anhydrobiosis.     

Interactions between abscisic acid, ethylene and gibberellin in internodal elongation in floating rice: the promotive effect of abscisic acid at low humidity

The enhancement of internodal elongation in floating or deepwater rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Habiganj Aman II) by treatment with ethylene or gibberellic acid (GA₃) at high relative humidity (RH) is inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA). Here, we examined the interactive effects of ethylene, gibberellin (GA) and ABA at low RH on internodal elongation of deepwater rice stem segments. Although ethylene alone hardly promoted internodal elongation of stem sections at 30% RH, it enhanced the internodal elongation induced by GA₃. Application of ABA alone to stem segments had no effect on internodal elongation. However, in the presence of ethylene and GA₃ at 30% RH, ABA further promoted internodal elongation. This promotive effect of ABA was not found in the internodes of stem segments treated either with ethylene or with GA₃ at 30% RH or in the internodes of stem segments treated with ethylene and/or GA₃ at 100% RH.     

海南山蛭对土壤湿度和气温的适应

在室内以土壤湿度梯度作为海南山蛭Haemadipsa hainana的栖息试验表明,海南山蛭栖息于含水量的15.1％－16.77％水分的土壤表面;野外调查表明,海南岛橡胶林内海南山蛭栖息于16.54％－17.66％含水量的土壤表面;热带雨林者栖息于19.92%-25.73%含水量的土壤,室内实验表明,海南山蛭爬向30－35℃温度范围,占试验蛭数79.15％,在8－9℃不活动,10℃能山蛭活动,随温度升高活动蛭数增加,而15℃试验蛭答部活动,活动蛭数与温度关系为Y－18.6Z-172.3,R-0.976,P=0.01。在橡胶林内8－9℃山蛭不活动;10℃开始有山蛭活动,且随温度升高活动蛭数增加,当17℃时所有山蛭活动,活动蛭数与温度关系Y＝4.73X-3.97,R=0.93,P=0.1。首次使用土壤湿度梯度测定山蛭对土壤湿度的要求,这是一个新的有普遍意义的方法,并讨论了海南山蛭对土壤湿度气温的适应。     

巴西蘑菇对木质纤维素的降解与转化*

巴西蘑菇能够降解棉籽壳和麦草两种培养基中木质纤维素复合体中的全部组分,属于白腐真菌;巴西蘑菇降解的有机物质的绝大部分被菌体的呼吸过程消耗掉,其绝对生物学效率较低,仅为4.41%~5.25%;在栽培前期木质素的降解速率大于纤维素和半纤维素,这对纤维素和半纤维素的降解十分有利;非木质纤维素组分主要在菌丝生长阶段被利用,而木质纤维素是子实体生长发育阶段的主要碳源;就整个栽培过程而言,巴西蘑菇生长发育所需要的82.39%~84.50%的碳源来自木质纤维素。