New record of Machaeriobia machaerii (Kieffer, 1913) (Diptera,Cecidomyiidae) in Brazil and association with host–plant species

The geographical distribution of Machaeriobia machaerii (Kieffer, 1913) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), previously known only from Tubarão, Santa Catarina State, Brazil is extended to São Paulo State, Brazil. Illustrations of diagnostic characters of the male, pupa, and larva are provided, and the association with the species of host plant, Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld (Fabaceae) is established.     

Filling gaps in species distributions through the study of biological collections: 415 new distribution records for Neotropical Cryptinae (Hymenoptera,Ichneumonidae)

Filling gaps in species distributions is instrumental to increase our understanding of natural environments and underpin efficient conservation policies. For many hyperdiverse groups, this knowledge is hampered by insufficient taxonomic information. Herein we provide 415 new distribution records for the parasitic wasp subfamily Cryptinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the Neotropical region, based on examination of material from 20 biological collections worldwide. Records span across 227 sites in 24 countries and territories, and represent 175 species from 53 genera. Of these, 102 represent new country records for 74 species. A distinct “road pattern” was detected in the records, at least within Brazil, where 50.2% of the records fall within 10 km of federal roads, an area that occupies only 11.9% of the surface of the country. The results help to identify priority areas that remain poorly sampled and should be targeted for future collecting efforts, and highlight the importance of biological collections in yielding new information about species distributions that is orders of magnitude above what is provided in most individual studies.     

Chenia zanderi C.Feng & J.Kou (Pottiaceae,Musci), a new species from Yunnan,China

A new species, Chenia zanderi C.Feng & J.Kou, from Xishan Forest Park in Yunnan Province, China is described and illustrated. Particularly distinctive features of the new species are the fragile stems and leaves fragile along their insertions, narrow leaves usually constricted near the middle, broadly rounded leaf apices with a long apiculus, large distal laminal cells with numerous solid and bifurcate papillae, a narrow groove on the distal ventral surface of the costa, and absence of a costal stereid band. A key for the species recognised in Chenia R.H.Zander is also provided.     

Where buffalo and cattle meet: modelling interspecific contact risk using cumulative resistant kernels

African buffalo the primary source of foot and mouth disease (FMD) infection for livestock in South Africa. Predicting the spatial drivers and patterns of buffalo–cattle contact risk is crucial for developing effective FMD mitigation strategies. Therefore, the goal of this study was to predict fine‐scale, seasonal contact risk between cattle and buffaloes straying into communal lands adjacent to Kruger National Park. This study provides the first application of the cumulative resistant kernel method to calculate contact risk between two species. We built resistance surfaces from resource utilization models of buffalo and cattle and calculated the intersection of resistant kernels of the two species. This revealed that the contact risk is influenced by seasonality, water sources and fence strength, and the magnitude of contact risk is largely driven by buffalo and cattle dispersal abilities. The probability of contact was higher in the dry season, with hotspots along a main river and the weakest parts of the perimeter fence. In the wet season, contact risk was more diffuse and less concentrated along the main river and near settlements. The new approach of intersecting cumulative resistant kernels of two species can produce quantitative predictive maps of animals’ contact risk and help identify potential hotspots of disease transmission.     

土壤养分对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响

以湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区50个亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林样地为研究对象,通过样本分析对不同生活型植物（灌木、乔木和木质藤本）的叶功能性状和森林土壤养分进行了测定,并采用冗余分析(RDA)和逐步回归分析了该地区土壤养分对不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状的影响。结果表明：（1）研究区内3种生活型植物的叶功能性状中灌木的比叶面积（SLA）平均值(319.87 cm·g^-1)最高,乔木的叶干物质含量（LDMC）平均值(0.40 g·g^-1)最高,木质藤本的叶面积（LA）、叶厚度（LT）、叶全氮含量(LTN)和叶全磷含量（LTP）平均值最高,分别为：105.07 cm²、0.24 mm、20.10 mg·kg^-1和1.19 mg·kg^-1;3种生活型的LDMC、LTN分布都较为集中,而LA、SLA、LTN都呈右偏分布,但LT、LTP的分布乔木呈左偏分布,而灌木和木质藤本均呈右偏分布。（2）研究区域的土壤pH值为3.81~4.95,全部为酸性土壤;土壤有机质含量在4.57%~12.05%之间,平均为7.79%;土壤速效钾和碱解氮含量分别为64.52~339.29和82.83~678.15 mg·kg^-1,全氮、全磷、速效磷含量平均值分别为5.48 mg·kg^-1、0.46 mg·kg^-1和0.39 mg·kg^-1。（3）在3种不同生活型叶性状的变异中,土壤养分对木质藤本的解释度最大（24%）,其次是灌木(15%),而对乔木解释最低(13%);乔木和木质藤本受到土壤有机质影响较大,灌木受到速效钾影响较大,虽然影响不同生活型叶功能性状的主要因子有所差别,但是其主要的影响因子均为土壤有机质、土壤全磷、速效钾。研究认为,星斗山国家级自然保护区土壤能够在一定程度上解释不同生活型植物叶功能性状变异,并且影响程度存在差异,这种差异有利于该地区物种共存和生物多样性维持。     

四川马尔康圈养林麝的刻板行为

在圈养环境下,迁地保育野生动物易发育刻板行为,刻板行为的发育可直接影响圈养野生动物的繁殖和存活,从而影响迁地保育。2016年5月1日至7月31日间,采用焦点取样及所有事件记录法对四川马尔康林麝繁育场的75头圈养林麝(Moschus berezovskii)进行了刻板行为取样,分析了性别、年龄、圈区环境、圈群结构等因素对其刻板行为的效应。结果表明,四川马尔康麝场的圈养林麝在单位取样时间(10 min)内展现的刻板行为持续时间占比为20.53%±2.43%(n=75);雌麝刻板行为持续时间占比(18.14%±3.26%,n=46)略低于雄麝(20.89%±3.98%,n=25);随圈养年限(本研究中的圈养林麝"年龄"即是"被圈养年数")增加,林麝展现刻板行为的持续时间显著增加(P0.05);圈区环境设施对刻板行为存在显著效应(P0.05),裸地基底圈舍中林麝的刻板行为持续时间占比最高(33.11%±6.16%,n=24);圈群结构对林麝刻板行为持续时间的影响不显著(P0.05),混合圈群的刻板行为持续时间(19.31%±3.18%,n=53)最小;圈群密度对刻板行为持续时间的效应不显著(P0.05)。增加圈养环境的植被覆盖,进行混合圈养,可有效降低圈养林麝的刻板行为强度,并可提升林麝迁地保育的有效性。     

湖南宜章发现两栖动物侏树蛙

2016年4月和2017年5月,在湖南省莽山国家级自然保护区相思坑(24°56′57.51″N,112°59′18.21″E,海拔1 342 m)采集到小型蛙类6只,均为雄性成体,经鉴定为无尾目(Anura)树蛙科(Rhacophoridae)树蛙属(Rhacophorus)的侏树蛙(R.minimus),属于湖南省两栖动物分布新记录。测量了6只个体的14项外形特征量度数据,并描述了其形态特征。PCR扩增16S rRNA基因并测序,与同属另外8种的16S rRNA基因进行分子系统进化分析,结果支持形态鉴定结果。目前标本保存于湖南师范大学生命科学学院脊椎动物学实验室。     

林麝肺源致病性大肠杆菌感染BALB/c小鼠模型的建立及评价

【背景】林麝肺源致病性大肠杆菌(Lung pathogenic Escherichia coli,LPEC)属于肠外致病性大肠杆菌(Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli,Ex PEC),是重要的人畜共患病病原菌之一。【目的】建立林麝肺源致病性大肠杆菌感染BALB/c小鼠模型,为研究林麝LPEC O78的致病性提供实验基础。【方法】采用实验室保存的林麝LPEC优势血清型O78菌株腹腔注射BALB/c小鼠,计算LD50,确定造模感染剂量,通过监测感染后体重、生化指标、器官中细菌定殖量变化,以及进行细菌分离鉴定和组织病理学检查,评价造模效果。【结果】确定了LPEC O78致BALB/c小鼠的LD50为3.6×108 CFU/m L。实验组小鼠于攻毒后3 h出现精神萎靡、食欲不振、反应迟钝,剖检见肺脏及肝脏肿大、小肠出血。24 h内体重下降3.2 g左右,随后缓慢升高。生化指标中除尿酸含量与对照组不显著(P0.05)外,谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、磷、钙、镁、总胆红素、尿素、血糖、胆碱酯酶和乳酸脱氢酶等指标均高于对照组水平,且组间变化显著(P0.05)。各器官均有细菌定殖,心、脾及肾脏24 h达到最高,肝、肺及肠道12 h达到最高,之后随时间逐渐减少。小鼠各器官有不同程度的炎性细胞浸润和细胞坏死。【结论】成功建立了林麝LPEC O78感染BALB/c小鼠模型,为林麝LPEC O78的发病机制、病理生理等方面的研究奠定了一定基础。     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林地表甲虫Metacommunity格局

Metacommunity理论框架为理解生物群落的时空格局及其构建机制提供了一个强有力的方法。然而,少有研究揭示土壤动物metacommunity的格局及其构建机制,小尺度空间的研究更是少见。于2015年分别在凉水和丰林小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林长期动态监测样地内,通过空间直观定位调查监测的方法获得地表甲虫群落,揭示小尺度空间(300 m)地表甲虫metacommunity的格局,并进一步分析地形、土壤因子与这种metacommunity格局的相关性。结果表明:镶嵌型(nestedness)和随机型(random)是小尺度空间地表甲虫metacommunity的常见格局。地表甲虫的metacommunity格局具有类群依赖性,步行虫科和葬甲科多形成镶嵌型格局,而隐翅虫科则仅形成随机型格局。地表甲虫metacommunity格局具有季节波动性,在相对温暖的季节易形成显著的镶嵌型格局,而在相对寒冷的季节多为随机型格局。凉水和丰林地表甲虫的metacommunity格局没有明显差异。地形和土壤因子对地表甲虫metacommunity格局有重要的影响,该影响过程相对复杂,依类群和时间而异。本实验表明镶嵌型和随机型是小尺度空间小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林地表甲虫的常见格局,地形、土壤因子对这些格局的形成有重要的影响。     

基于红外相机陷阱法的北京百花山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物的调查研究

为了调查北京百花山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物分布和活动规律,于2015年7月—2016年9月,铺设20台红外相机,共拍到有效照片3761张,其中兽类2813张,鸟类643张。鉴定出兽类14种(分属5目9科);鸟类39种(分属4目16科),其中4种兽类和8种鸟类是保护区新纪录。红外相机在不同的生境类型、海拔以及不同月份的拍摄率都不同,阔叶林的动物物种数和拍摄率远远高于其他生境类型;较低海拔(1150—1400 m)区域的拍摄率高于中间海拔(1400—1600 m)和较高海拔(1600—1800 m);动物集中在5—10月份活动,这几个月的拍摄率高于其他月份。而拍摄率与多样性指数往往不一致,阔叶林低于针叶林和灌木林;中间海拔最高,较低海拔最低。野生动物活动活跃的月份与旅游旺季在很大程度上是重合的,而野猪(Sus scrofa)、狗獾(Meles meles)、豹猫、猪獾和花面狸(Paguma larvata)这五种潜在危险动物,表现出明显的夜行性,对白天游客的威胁性不大,但存在潜在危险性。通过研究,有助于保护区制定相应的管控方案和建立危险预警机制。