华北驼绒藜种群数量动态与生殖特性的相关性

采用立木级法研究华北驼绒藜种群的大小级结构,利用各龄级的存活数编制种群静态生命表和存活曲线,构建时间序列预测图对种群数量动态过程进行预测,利用生活史特征观察结果分析其生殖对策,探讨了生殖特性与种群动态的关系。结果表明:华北驼绒藜种群幼龄和老龄级个体数较少,中龄级个体数量较多,呈稳定或衰退趋势;种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管生境条件不同,但存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型;种群数量的时间序列预测表明,华北驼绒藜种群会随时间推移,呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难;生活史特征表明,华北驼绒藜在长期进化过程中形成了兼具r-对策和k-对策的双重特性来维持种群的相对稳定。良好的生殖适应性是物种发展的关键,华北驼绒藜种群年龄结构、生命表、存活曲线以及时间序列预测图反映出其种群数量动态与生殖特性具有密切的相关性,传粉系统效率低、胚胎发育过程营养失调、种子向幼苗的转化率低以及种群更新对母株的依赖性强等生殖生物学特性与种群动态相吻合;生境恶劣和人为干扰也成为其种群发展的制约因素。     

Survival of Breeding Pacific Common Eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta,Alaska

ABSTRACT Populations of Pacific common eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum) breeding in Alaska, USA, have declined markedly over the past 40 years. We studied survival of adult female Pacific common eiders using capture—recapture of nesting hens at 3 sites on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD), Alaska from 1994 to 2004. We used data consisting of 268 recapture events from 361 uniquely marked individuals to investigate temporal, geographic, and environmental variation in adult female survival. Our results suggest apparent annual survival of adult eiders from the YKD was high (0.892, SE = 0.022) and spatially and temporally invariant (σ² = 0.005), a pattern consistent with other long-lived marine birds. Moreover, our results suggest adult survival may be functionally fixed for Pacific common eiders, and at the present, adult survival may be relatively unresponsive to environmental or management perturbations. Our data did not support hypothesized variation in survival relative to mortality factors such as predation on breeding grounds, physiologic costs of reproduction, and wintering conditions. Although changes in adult survival likely have a large potential effect on prospective population growth, our results suggest viable management actions aimed at increasing survival may be extremely limited.     

江苏宜兴龙池山现代植被表土孢粉的初步研究

江苏宜兴龙池山森林自然保护区表土花粉分析结果表明,表土孢粉植物群主要以栎属(Quercus)、松属(Pinus)、青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、栲属(Castanopsis)/柯属(Lithocarpus)、栗属(Castanea)占优势的木本植物组成,混生有枫香属(Liquidambar)、杨梅属(Myrica)、冬青属(Ilex)、女贞属(Ligustrum)、紫树属(Nyssa)、盐肤木属(Rhus)、黄连木属(Pistacia)等亚热带常见植物类型。研究区不同海拔高度的表土孢粉组合特征基本反映了当地现今的植物构成、植被面貌及其垂直分布规律。结合长江三角洲及其周边地区其他代表性表土花粉资料,首次提出以常绿阔叶木本植物与落叶阔叶木本植物含量之比(E/D),并结合重要优势、标志木本植物科属,初步识别和确立各地带性森林植被的表土花粉指标,为这一地区开展第四纪古植被和古气候等孢粉研究提供参考性依据。     

长江口海三棱藨草带生长季大型底栖动物群落变化特征

2006年4—11月对长江口崇明东滩海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)带大型底栖动物群落进行了定位调查研究。每月1次采用样方法对大型底栖动物和植被进行同步取样;在鉴定、计数和生物量(干重)测定分析的基础上,进行了多样性测度以及聚类、排序等统计分析。研究结果表明,生长季内海三棱藨草带大型底栖动物的多度和生物量整体呈上升趋势,但是月间存在一定波动变化,9月份多度最高,平均为1536ind/m2,10月份生物量(干重)最高,平均为21.60g/m2;不同月份优势类群组成、多度及生物量特征存在明显差异,瓣鳃类仅在部分时段表现出优势特征。物种数整体呈V字型变化特征,在8月份达到最低值。由于种间个体数量分布的变化滞后于整体物种数的变化,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数的峰谷变化滞后于物种数变化,即物种数在5月份达到最低,而多样性及均匀度指数在6月份达到最小值。海三棱藨草带大型底栖动物群落的月间变化特征,在很大程度上是水文(包括水动力条件)以及植被等因素综合作用的结果,但在不同时期主导因子或者不同因子协同作用不同。它们的直接影响是导致底栖动物种类组成、多度变化,进而改变整体生物量和多样性特征。     

Effect of two intermediate electron donors, NADPH and FADH2, on Spirulina Δ6-desaturase co-expressed with two different immediate electron donors, cytochrome b 5 and ferredoxin, in Escherichia coli

When the gene desD encoding Spirulina Δ⁶-desaturase was heterologously expressed in E. coli, the enzyme was expressed without the ability to function. However, when this enzyme was co-expressed with an immediate electron donor, i.e. the cytochrome b ₅ domain from Mucor rouxii, the results showed the production of GLA (γ-linolenic acid), the product of the reaction catalyzed by Δ⁶-desaturase. The results revealed that in E. coli cells, where cytochrome b ₅ is absent and ferredoxin, a natural electron donor of Δ⁶-desaturase, is present at a very low level, the cytochrome b ₅ domain can complement for the function of ferredoxin in the host cells. In the present study, the Spirulina-ferredoxin gene was cloned and co-expressed with the Δ⁶-desaturase in E. coli. In comparison to the co-expression of cytochrome b ₅ with the Δ⁶-desaturase, the co-expression with ferredoxin did not cause any differences in the GLA level. Moreover, the cultures containing the Δ⁶-desaturase co-expressed with cytochrome b ₅ and ferredoxin were exogenously supplied with the intermediate electron donors, NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form) and FADH₂ (flavin adenine dinucleotide, reduced form), respectively. The GLA level in these host cells increased drastically, by approximately 50%, compared to the cells without the intermediate electron donors. The data indicated that besides the level of immediate electron donors, the level of intermediate electron donors is also critical for GLA production. Therefore, if the pools of the immediate and intermediate electron donors in the cells are manipulated, the GLA production in the heterologous host will be affected.     

Population genetic structure of Vitex negundo (Verbenaceae) in Three-Gorge Area of the Yangtze River: The riverine barrier to seed dispersal in plants

Previous studies have demonstrated that large rivers can influence inter- and intra-specific gene flow for many animals. The effects of large rivers on the genetics of plant populations have focused on either hydrochoric impacts of water current on gene flow or genetic differentiation among populations from different watersheds. Few studies have explicitly tested the barrier effects on plant gene flow across banks of large rivers, especially their relative effects on pollen and seed dispersals. The Yangtze River (Changjiang River), one of the major rivers of the world, provides an excellent model to evaluate the impacts of rivers on gene flow in plants. Using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and cpDNA (chloroplast DNA) markers, we investigated the genetic structure of 10 populations of Vitex negundo in two regions of Three-Gorge Area along the Yangtze River. Each region contained two populations on the north bank, two on the south bank and one island population along the river. The analyses indicated low RAPD between banks, and similar or a little higher differentiation between populations within the same bank. In contrast, a large proportion of chloroplast polymorphism was ascribed to among-bank variation but much lower cpDNA differentiation was among populations within the same bank. These results indicate that the Yangtze River represents a general barrier to the dispersal of seeds but not to the movement of pollen in V. negundo. The cpDNA genetic distances or differentiations between the island populations and those on either bank of the river are intermediate to those between the banks across the river, implying that the islands in the Yangtze River may serve as a stepping-stone for seed dispersal. Our results suggest that large rivers may serve as a general barrier, not only for the movement of animals, but also for the dispersal of plants, which should be of great significance for the conservation of biodiversity around the rivers.     

插网网目尺寸及采样时间对潮沟游泳动物采样的影响

在长江河口九段沙盐沼湿地的一条潮沟中,我们比较了两种不同网目尺寸（4mm和8mm）的插网（fyke net）及日夜潮对游泳动物群落采样效率的影响。共捕获鱼类16种5476尾、虾2种4982只。采用方差分析、柯尔莫诺夫-斯米尔诺夫非参数检验法和无度量多维标定分析对两种网目插网的捕获效率,样品的体长分布,群落结构及日夜潮间的差异进行了分析。结果表明,网目尺寸对样品中游泳动物的物种数和鱼类的多度没有影响,但是小网目的插网对虾类有较高的捕获率。两种网目尺寸的插网均在夜潮中捕获较多的鱼类个体,但虾类在日潮捕获较多。在日潮中,网目尺寸对捕获物中五种优势游泳动物的体长分布无显著影响。在夜间,小网目的插网对斑尾复缎虎和脊尾白虾的较大个体具有较高的捕获率,但对较大个体鲅的捕获率不如大网目的插网。样品中游泳动物的群落组成在日夜潮间存在明显差异,大网目捕获物的样本间差异比小网目小。     

Landward changes of soil enzyme activities in a tidal flat wetland of the Yangtze River Estuary and correlations with physico-chemical factors

The landward changes of soil enzyme activities and physico-chemical properties of the surface sediment in Chongming Dongtan of the Yangtze River Estuary, were studied. Along the elevation gradient or succession series, the contents of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM) in the sediment increased, but the average grain size (AGS) of the sediment and the content of the dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) decreased. The activity of alkaline phosphatase increased gradually along the elevation gradient, and was positively correlated with the values of TP, TN and OM (P<0.05), but negatively to AGS and DIP (P<0.05). It was correlated with a mechanism of substrate inductivity and product inhibition. Catalase activity had the similar trend of gradual increase along the elevation gradient, enhancing the fertility of the soil and the oxidative process of OM in the sediment. Along the succession series, from the tidal flat to the bulrush (Scirpus mariqueter) zone, and then to the reed (Phragmites australis) zone, the activity of sucrase only changed insignificantly, but there was a higher activity in the bulrush zone than in other zones. The activity of proteinase decreased from the tidal flat to the reed zone, and the activity was negatively correlated with OM and TN (P<0.05), but positively with DIP (P<0.05). Through the succession zones a decrease in the number of diatoms resulted in a decline in the concentration of protein, which influenced the proteinase activity, suggesting that the proteinase in the sediment was produced by diatoms.     

Early-stage litter decomposition and its influencing factors in the wetland of the Sanjiang Plain, China

Using the litter bag technique, the decomposition rates and their influencing factors were studied by investigating three wetland macrophytes, Calamagrostics angustifolia, Carex meyeriana and Carex lasiocapa, in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. It was revealed that C. lasiocapa lost 28.91% of its weight, C. angustifolia lost 31.98% and C. meyeriana lost 32.99% after 164 days. Another finding was that the amount of organic carbon in the litter of C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa fluctuated, but continuously decreased in that of C. meyeriana. However, all the three types of litter released organic carbon. Nitrogen was released substantially from the litter of both C. angustifolia and C. meyeriana, but accumulated in the litter of C. lasiocapa. Phosphorus concentrations in all the three types of litter apparently decreased first and then slightly increased. Overall, P release was observed in all the three types of litter. The C/N and C/P ratios varied significantly in the decomposition process. The decomposition rates and nutrient content variations were simultaneously influenced by the quality of the litter as well as the environmental factors in the Sanjian Plain, but they were more strongly affected by the quality of the litter.     

长江江豚感染铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的诊治

本文记录了一例患急性铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的长江江豚诊断、治疗和预后观察过程。病原学鉴定采用鲜血琼脂平板对该江豚鼻腔拭子,在37℃下进行细菌需氧、厌氧培养和分离,并对所分离的细菌种类进行细菌学鉴定,结合血常规和血生化的检测结果,判定病原为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA）。依据病原菌的药敏试验结果对患病江豚进行治疗,预后良好。通过对整个过程的资料分析以及预后观察,得到如下提示：1）应做好饲养环境的消毒措施,防止江豚出现获得性PA感染;2）对江豚日常呼吸道和粪便中PA的检测,有利于疾病的早期预防和控制;3）江豚呼吸系统疾病的治愈依赖于准确的病原鉴定和及时的治疗,药敏试验对于PA感染的治疗非常必要;4）行为学的改变在江豚呼吸道疾病发病初期以及预后有重要的指示作用。