PEI-CS/siRNA复合颗粒对肝癌耐药细胞BEL7402/5-FU中MRE11表达的影响

目的:探讨聚乙烯亚胺-壳聚糖(PEI-CS)/si RNA复合颗粒对肝癌耐药细胞BEL7402/5-FU中MRE11表达的影响。方法:采用复凝聚法将PEI-CS(100μg/m L)与不同浓度的MRE11 si RNA-FAM形成PEI-CS/si RNA复合颗粒,并转染BEL7402/5-FU细胞,用荧光显微镜和Real-time PCR检测转染效率和沉默效率。结果:荧光显微镜观察结果显示:转染细胞48 h后,3.125、6.25、12.5、25、50μg/m L的si RNA与PEI-CS形成的复合颗粒的转染率分别为62.31%、76.09%、79.99%、86.49%、96.59%。转染细胞48、72、96 h后,12.5μg/m L的si RNA与PEI-CS形成的复合颗粒的转染率分别为78.22%、55.76%、42.85%,25μg/m L的si RNA与PEI-CS形成的复合颗粒的转染率分别为83.67%、74.23%、67.45%。Real-time PCR检测结果显示:25μg/m L的si RNA与PEI-CS形成的复合颗粒转染48小时后,对BEL7402/5-FU细胞中MRE11基因的沉默效率为35.4%。结论:聚乙烯亚胺-壳聚糖/si RAN复合颗粒能有效转染肝癌耐药细胞Bel7402/5-FU,并对BEL7402/5-FU细胞中MRE11基因表达有一定抑制作用。     

Autophagy mediated CoCrMo particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis by promoting osteoblast apoptosis

Wear particle-induced osteolysis is the leading cause of aseptic loosening, which is the most common reason for THA (total hip arthroplasty) failure and revision surgery. Although existing studies suggest that osteoblast apoptosis induced by wear debris is involved in aseptic loosening, the underlying mechanism linking wear particles to osteoblast apoptosis remains almost totally unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of autophagy on osteoblast apoptosis induced by CoCrMo metal particles (CoPs) in vitro and in a calvarial resorption animal model. Our study demonstrated that CoPs stimulated autophagy in osteoblasts and PIO (particle-induced osteolysis) animal models. Both autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (3-methyladenine) and siRNA of Atg5 could dramatically reduce CoPs-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts. Further, inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA ameliorated the severity of osteolysis in PIO animal models. Moreover, 3-MA also prevented osteoblast apoptosis in an antiautophagic way when tested in PIO model. Collectively, these results suggest that autophagy plays a key role in CoPs-induced osteolysis and that targeting autophagy-related pathways may represent a potential therapeutic approach for treating particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis.     

Cryopreservation of embryonic stem cell‐derived multicellular neural aggregates labeled with micron‐sized particles of iron oxide for magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an effective approach to track labeled pluripotent stem cell (PSC)‐derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) for neurological disorder treatments after cell labeling with a contrast agent, such as an iron oxide derivative. Cryopreservation of pre‐labeled neural cells, especially in three‐dimensional (3D) structure, can provide a uniform cell population and preserve the stem cell niche for the subsequent applications. In this study, the effects of cryopreservation on PSC‐derived multicellular NPC aggregates labeled with micron‐sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) were investigated. These NPC aggregates were labeled prior to cryopreservation because labeling thawed cells can be limited by inefficient intracellular uptake, variations in labeling efficiency, and increased culture time before use, minimizing their translation to clinical settings. The results indicated that intracellular MPIO incorporation was retained after cryopreservation (70–80% labeling efficiency), and MPIO labeling had little adverse effects on cell recovery, proliferation, cytotoxicity and neural lineage commitment post‐cryopreservation. MRI analysis showed comparable detectability for the MPIO‐labeled cells before and after cryopreservation indicated by T₂ and T₂* relaxation rates. Cryopreserving MPIO‐labeled 3D multicellular NPC aggregates can be applied in in vivo cell tracking studies and lead to more rapid translation from preservation to clinical implementation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:510–521, 2015     

Galvanic microparticles increase migration of human dermal fibroblasts in a wound-healing model via reactive oxygen species pathway

Electrical signals have been implied in many biological mechanisms, including wound healing, which has been associated with transient electrical currents not present in intact skin. One method to generate electrical signals similar to those naturally occurring in wounds is by supplementation of galvanic particles dispersed in a cream or gel. We constructed a three-layered model of skin consisting of human dermal fibroblasts in hydrogel (mimic of dermis), a hydrogel barrier layer (mimic of epidermis) and galvanic microparticles in hydrogel (mimic of a cream containing galvanic particles applied to skin). Using this model, we investigated the effects of the properties and amounts of Cu/Zn galvanic particles on adult human dermal fibroblasts in terms of the speed of wound closing and gene expression. The collected data suggest that the effects on wound closing are due to the ROS-mediated enhancement of fibroblast migration, which is in turn mediated by the BMP/SMAD signaling pathway. These results imply that topical low-grade electric currents via microparticles could enhance wound healing.     

ND3, ND1 and 39 kDa subunits are more exposed in the de-active form of bovine mitochondrial complex I

An intriguing feature of mitochondrial complex I from several species is the so-called A/D transition, whereby the idle enzyme spontaneously converts from the active (A) form to the de-active (D) form. The A/D transition plays an important role in tissue response to the lack of oxygen and hypoxic deactivation of the enzyme is one of the key regulatory events that occur in mitochondria during ischaemia. We demonstrate for the first time that the A/D conformational change of complex I does not affect the macromolecular organisation of supercomplexes in vitro as revealed by two types of native electrophoresis. Cysteine 39 of the mitochondrially-encoded ND3 subunit is known to become exposed upon de-activation. Here we show that even if complex I is a constituent of the I + III₂ + IV (S₁) supercomplex, cysteine 39 is accessible for chemical modification in only the D-form. Using lysine-specific fluorescent labelling and a DIGE-like approach we further identified two new subunits involved in structural rearrangements during the A/D transition: ND1 (MT-ND1) and 39 kDa (NDUFA9). These results clearly show that structural rearrangements during de-activation of complex I include several subunits located at the junction between hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, in the region of the quinone binding site. De-activation of mitochondrial complex I results in concerted structural rearrangement of membrane subunits which leads to the disruption of the sealed quinone chamber required for catalytic turnover.     

Accumulation of nano-sized particles in a murine model of angiogenesis

Purpose

To evaluate the ability of nm-scaled iron oxide particles conjugated with Azure A, a classic histological dye, to accumulate in areas of angiogenesis in a recently developed murine angiogenesis model.

Materials and methods

We characterised the Azure A particles with regard to their hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and blood circulation half-life. The particles were then investigated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in a recently developed murine angiogenesis model along with reference particles (Ferumoxtran-10) and saline injections.

Results

The Azure A particles had a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 51.8 ± 43.2 nm, a zeta potential of −17.2 ± 2.8 mV, and a blood circulation half-life of 127.8 ± 74.7 min. Comparison of MR images taken pre- and 24-h post-injection revealed a significant increase in R₂^* relaxation rates for both Azure A and Ferumoxtran-10 particles. No significant difference was found for the saline injections. The relative increase was calculated for the three groups, and showed a significant difference between the saline group and the Azure A group, and between the saline group and the Ferumoxtran-10 group. However, no significant difference was found between the two particle groups.

Conclusion

Ultrahigh-field MRI revealed localisation of both types of iron oxide particles to areas of neovasculature. However, the Azure A particles did not show any enhanced accumulation relative to Ferumoxtran-10, suggesting the accumulation in both cases to be passive.     

Quality by design approach for viral clearance by protein a chromatography

Protein A chromatography is widely used as a capture step in monoclonal antibody (mAb) purification processes. Antibodies and Fc fusion proteins can be efficiently purified from the majority of other complex components in harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF). Protein A chromatography is also capable of removing modest levels of viruses and is often validated for viral clearance. Historical data mining of Genentech and FDA/CDER databases systematically evaluated the removal of model viruses by Protein A chromatography. First, we found that for each model virus, removal by Protein A chromatography varies significantly across mAbs, while remains consistent within a specific mAb product, even across the acceptable ranges of the process parameters. In addition, our analysis revealed a correlation between retrovirus and parvovirus removal, with retrovirus data generally possessing a greater clearance factor. Finally, we describe a multivariate approach used to evaluate process parameter impacts on viral clearance, based on the levels of retrovirus‐like particles (RVLP) present among process characterization study samples. It was shown that RVLP removal by Protein A is robust, that is, parameter effects were not observed across the ranges tested. Robustness of RVLP removal by Protein A also correlates with that for other model viruses such as X‐MuLV, MMV, and SV40. The data supports that evaluating RVLP removal using process characterization study samples can establish multivariate acceptable ranges for virus removal by the protein A step for QbD. By measuring RVLP instead of a model retrovirus, it may alleviate some of the technical and economic challenges associated with performing large, design‐of‐experiment (DoE)—type virus spiking studies. This approach could also serve to provide useful insight when designing strategies to ensure viral safety in the manufacturing of a biopharmaceutical product. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 95–103. © 2013 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

展示生长抑素的猪细小病毒样颗粒构建及其免疫原性

为了获得既可预防猪细小病毒感染又能促进生长的嵌合病毒样颗粒疫苗,以PPV NJ-a株基因组DNA为模板扩增VP2基因片段,在VP2基因N端融合人工合成的4拷贝生长抑素基因,构建杆状病毒转移载体pFast-SS4-VP2。通过转化DH10Bac感受态细胞,pFast-SS4-VP2与穿梭载体Bacmid重组,获得重组Bacmid,命名为rBacmid-SS4-VP2。rBacmid-SS4-VP2转染Sf-9细胞,获得重组病毒rBac-SS4-VP2。SDS-PAGE与Western blotting鉴定可见约68 kDa的rSS4-VP2条带;rBac-SS4-VP2感染细胞IFA检测产生很强的特异性绿色荧光;感染细胞超薄切片电镜观察到大量特征性病毒样颗粒。将重组蛋白分别辅以铝胶、IMS和白油不同佐剂免疫小鼠,通过检测免疫小鼠VP2特异性ELISA抗体、PPV特异性中和抗体、生长抑素的抗体水平及生长激素水平来评价嵌合病毒样颗粒的免疫原性。结果表明,辅以铝胶与IMS佐剂重组蛋白组均产生了与PPV全毒组相似的ELISA抗体与中和抗体反应;重组蛋白免疫组均产生较好的针对生长抑素的抗体反应;免疫小鼠体内生长激素的水平明显升高;其中以铝胶佐剂组产生的各抗体水平最高,白油佐剂组各抗体水平最低。为以后生产安全、有效的颗粒化亚单位疫苗提供了一个新的设计思路,又为应用病毒样颗粒递呈外源肽,从而生产多联亚单位疫苗奠定了基础。     

不同佐剂对含S+PreS1融合抗原的乙型肝炎病毒颗粒疫苗免疫原性的影响

本研究在前期工作基础上,用CHO细胞表达的含PreS1+S融合抗原的新型基因工程HBV颗粒疫苗(HBSS1)与Al(OH)3、CpG及CpG+Al(OH)3等佐剂配伍,在Balb/C小鼠模型上研究不同佐剂对HBV颗粒疫苗肌肉注射后免疫应答的影响,主要包括抗体滴度、抗体亚型分类及特异性细胞免疫(γ-IFNELISpot检测)。结果表明:CpG佐剂结合HBSS1颗粒疫苗可快速诱导(单针免疫)高水平的抗PreS1及S抗体,IgG2a/IgG1比率1,同时可诱导较高抗原特异的细胞免疫应答;Al(OH)3+CpG双佐剂组一次免疫后可诱导产生最高的抗S抗体滴度(1:105),其产生的抗体亚类包括IgG1、IgG2a与IgG2b;在S抗原N端(13~49aa)存在优势CTL表位。结论:CpG佐剂结合HBSS1颗粒疫苗应是发展新型治疗性乙肝疫苗的较佳选项。