扁桃体部分切除术最新进展

扁桃体切除术是耳鼻咽喉科最常见的手术之一,临床上治疗由于扁桃体肥大所致的儿童睡眠阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征,最常用的手术方式为双侧扁桃体切除术。扁桃体在儿童生长发育过程中具有重要的免疫功能,完全切除扁桃体对儿童的免疫功能具有一定的影响。且扁桃体全部切除术后常见一些并发症如出血及疼痛,这使得许多学者提出了扁桃体部分切除术。扁桃体部分切除术较扁桃体全部切除术相比,手术时间短、术后并发症少,在缓解儿童阻塞症状的同时,保留了一部分扁桃体,对于免疫功能也有一定的保留。本文将从扁桃体部分切除术治疗儿童睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床疗效以及术后出血、术后疼痛方面作一综述,为扁桃体部分切除术应用于临床提供合理依据。     

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Important Roles of the Acetylation of ER-Resident Molecular Chaperones for Conidiation in Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most abundant and diverse fungal species found in soils and includes nonpathogenic, endophytic, and pathogenic strains affecting a broad range of plant and animal hosts. Conidiation is the major mode of reproduction in many filamentous fungi, but the regulation of this process is largely unknown. Lysine acetylation (Kac) is an evolutionarily conserved and widespread posttranslational modification implicated in regulation of multiple metabolic processes. A total of 62 upregulated and 49 downregulated Kac proteins were identified in sporulating mycelia versus nonsporulating mycelia of F. oxysporum. Diverse cellular proteins, including glycolytic enzymes, ribosomal proteins, and endoplasmic reticulum–resident molecular chaperones, were differentially acetylated in the sporulation process. Altered Kac levels of three endoplasmic reticulum–resident molecular chaperones, PDI^K70, HSP70^K604, and HSP40^K32 were identified that with important roles in F. oxysporum conidiation. Specifically, K70 acetylation (K70ac) was found to be crucial for maintaining stability and activity of protein disulphide isomerase and the K604ac of HSP70 and K32ac of HSP40 suppressed the detoxification ability of these heat shock proteins, resulting in higher levels of protein aggregation. During conidial formation, an increased level of PDI^K70ac and decreased levels of HSP70^K604ac and HSP40^K32ac contributed to the proper processing of unfolded proteins and eliminated protein aggregation, which is beneficial for dramatic cell biological remodeling during conidiation in F. oxysporum.     

On the evaluation of edgeless diode detectors for patient-specific QA in high-dose stereotactic radiosurgery

PurposeIn this work, the potential of an innovative “edgeless” silicon diode was evaluated as a response to the still unmet need of a reliable tool for plan dosimetry verification of very high dose, non-coplanar, patient-specific radiosurgery treatments. In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed technology, we focused on radiosurgical treatments for functional disease like tremor or pain.MethodsThe edgeless diodes response has been validated with respect to clinical practice standard detectors by reproducing the reference dosimetry data adopted for the Treatment Planning System. In order to evaluate the potential for radiosurgery patient-specific treatment plan verification, the anthropomorphic phantom Alderson RANDO has been adopted along with three edgeless sensors, one placed in the centre of the Planning Target Volume, one superiorly and one inferiorly.ResultsThe reference dosimetry data obtained from the edgeless detectors are within 2.6% for output factor, off-axis ratio and well within 2% for tissue phantom ratio when compared to PTW 60,018 diode. The edgeless detectors measure a dose discrepancy of approximately 3.6% from the mean value calculated by the TPS. Larger discrepancies are obtained in very steep gradient dose regions when the sensors are placed outside the PTV.ConclusionsThe angular independent edgeless diode is proposed as an innovative dosimeter for patient quality assurance of brain functional disorders and other radiosurgery treatments. The comparison of the diode measurements with TPS calculations confirms that edgeless diodes are suitable candidates for patient-specific dosimetric verification in very high dose ranges delivered by non-isocentric stereotactic radiosurgery modalities.     

A new index to sort estuarine sediments according to their contaminant content

When dealing with potentially contaminated regions, simple tools are needed to identify in a fast and first approach the areas of the highest concern. In this work we propose a new, intuitive, easy-to-use and versatile tool to accomplish this task. This tool comprises the calculation of a new cumulative index, the Normalised-and-Weighted Average Concentration (NWAC) and its visualisation on a map of the area investigated using a colour based code. The NWAC is a cumulative index that is calculated for each sample using the concentration of freely selected contaminants present in that sample. The NWACs can be used to sort samples in a scale from 0 to 10 according to their contaminant content. A colour-based visualisation of the NWACs on a map facilitates an easy identification of the areas of higher concern within the studied region. The methodology has been exemplified in a case study, for example, the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Bilbao, Basque Country) using a representative set of sediments and their metals and metalloids content. The NWAC values obtained have been compared to the corresponding values of mERMq, another cumulative index of general acceptance and frequently used to estimate the toxicity of sediments, with comparable results.     

Hand-held lactate analyzer as a tool for the real-time measurement of physical fatigue before slaughter and pork quality prediction

The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between blood lactate variation measured at the plant, and pork quality variation on a large sample size and under commercial preslaughter handling conditions. A total of 600 pigs were randomly chosen on arrival at a commercial slaughter plant and blood samples taken from the ear vein at unloading (UN), after lairage (LA), in the restrainer (RE; before stunning) and at exsanguination (EX) were analysed for lactate content using a Lactate Scout Analyzer (LSA). In order to have a large range of measures, pigs were distributed into two groups; one kept in lairage overnight (G1) and the other for 2 to 3 h (G2) before slaughter. Meat quality was assessed in the Longissimus thoracis (LT), Semimembranosus (SM) and Adductor (AD) muscles by measuring the pH 30 min postmortem (pH1) and at 24 h postmortem (pHu), the colour and the drip loss. Blood lactate levels did not differ between G1 and G2 (P>0.05). A reduced muscle lactate and glucose contents (P=0.02 and P=0.004, respectively) resulting in a lower (P<0.001) glycolytic potential (GP) was observed in the LT muscle of G1 pigs when compared with G2 loins. In the LT muscle of G1 pigs, the lower GP resulted in an increased pHu (r=−0.67; P<0.001), decreased drip loss (r=0.57; P<0.001) and darker colour (r=0.50; P<0.001) compared with G2. In both G1 and G2 pigs, the lower GP was correlated to higher pHu value in the SM and AD muscles (r=−0.73; P<0.001). The greatest correlation was observed in G2 between blood lactate levels at LA and pHu value of the SM and AD muscles (r=0.46 and r=0.44, respectively; P<0.001 for both muscles). The second greatest correlation was found between blood lactate levels at EX and pH1 value in the SM muscle in both groups (r=−0.37 and r=−0.41, respectively; P<0.001 for both groups). Based on the results of this study, it appears that blood lactate levels, as measured by the LSA, reliably reflect the physiological response of pigs to perimortem stress and may help explain the variation in pork quality.     

城市扩张导致京津冀区域生境质量下降

城镇化发展极大地改变了区域生境分布格局和功能,从而影响区域生态安全。因此,开展生境质量的评估,对于城市生态安全保障具有重要作用。基于In VEST生境质量模型,评估了京津冀区域2005—2015年生境质量时空变化格局。研究结论如下:1)2005—2015年,京津冀生境面积减少7134.2 km~2,占2005年生境面积的3.7%。耕地、草地和水域生境面积分别减少5081.0、1695.1、421.6 km~2,占对应类型生境面积的4.7%,4.9%和7.2%。2)京津冀生境质量从0.88降至0.83,下降幅度达5.69%。其中,耕地生境质量下降最为严重,其次为水域生境质量。3)生境质量下降区域主要沿北京-保定-石家庄-邢台-邯郸等经济发展迅速的区域分布,表现为城市扩张侵占原有生境。4)京津冀高生境质量斑块破碎度增加,低生境质量斑块集聚度增加。整体上看,京津冀区域生境斑块破碎度增加。     

基于土地利用格局变化的北京市生境质量时空演变研究

城市生境质量对生物多样性保护有至关重要的作用,以北京市为例分析2000—2015年北京市不同土地利用类型的空间分布特征和不同区域之间的差异,并借助In VEST-Habitat Quality模型评估了北京市4个时期(2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年)、4个区域(首都功能核心区、城市发展新区、城市功能拓展区、生态涵养发展区)的生境退化程度和生境质量变化情况。结果表明:(1)从2000年到2015年,建设用地增加了近40%,耕地、湿地是其快速扩张的主要来源,城市发展新区的建设用地增加了60%;(2)主要的生态用地(林地、草地、湿地)所占比例总体增加了5.71%,但是总体景观结构异质性减弱,斑块破碎化程度加大;(3)生境质量总体下降了2%,表现出明显的区域差异,首都功能核心区和生态涵养发展区的生境质量总值逐渐升高;生境退化度逐渐增加,最严重的区域在城市功能拓展区以及平原-山区交界地带。对区域生态服务价值评估的有益探索,为今后进一步城市景观格局的构建和优化提供依据和参考。     

拉萨河流域生态系统类型和质量变化及其对生态系统服务的影响

在气候变化和人类活动干扰驱动下,地表生态系统的类型和质量都在发生复杂的变化,进而对生态系统服务和人类福祉产生深远影响。青藏高原的生态重要性和生态敏感性显著,其生态系统和生态服务的变化对区域和我国的生态安全具有重要的影响和指示意义。为了揭示拉萨河流域近年来的生态系统变化导致的生态系统服务变化,尤其是生态系统质量变化及其对生态系统服务的影响,选择NDVI作为生态系统质量变化的指示因子,通过对In VEST模型中与植被相关的各参数进行计算和修正,结合生态系统类型变化,评估了1990—2015年间拉萨河流域土壤保持、水源涵养和固碳三项生态系统服务的变化,进而分析了生态系统类型和质量变化对其的影响。研究结果表明,1990—2015年拉萨河流域生态系统类型变化整体相对较小,但是人工表面和湿地面积变化速率较快; 1990—2000年生态系统质量整体有显著上升,2000年以后略有下降,其中2000—2015年草甸和草原NDVI分别下降了7.48%和5.44%,呈现明显退化趋势; 1990—2015年拉萨河流域土壤保持和固碳服务分别增加了3.98%和9.12%,而水源涵养服务降低了23.05%,各项生态系统服务变化主要发生在1990—2000年;总体来看,生态系统类型变化引起的生态系统服务变化相对较小,而生态系统质量变化对流域生态系统服务的影响显著,尤其是1990—2000年间;但2000年以后生态系统类型变化对生态系统服务变化的贡献有所加大。     

矮化苹果氮肥施用技术

以8年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究不同施氮方式(Ⅰ:春季1次性施氮,Ⅱ:分2次施氮,Ⅲ:集约技术施氮,即氮肥减量和分次施氮)对烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶¹⁵N-尿素吸收、利用、损失和果实品质的影响.结果表明:处理Ⅲ植株叶片的叶面积、叶绿素含量(SPAD)、光合速率(P_n)、叶片全氮含量和生物量(果实除外)显著高于处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ,植株根冠比也显著增加.处理Ⅲ显著提高了叶片的保护酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶),降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量.3个处理各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)表现一致,果实的Ndff值最大,其次是一年生枝、叶片和根,且各器官的Ndff值均以处理Ⅲ最大.在果实成熟期,处理Ⅲ的单株总氮含量为93.0 mg·kg^-1,显著高于处理Ⅰ(70.2 mg·kg^-1)和处理Ⅱ(81.9 mg·kg^-1);处理Ⅲ的¹⁵N肥料利用率为33.6%,显著高于处理Ⅰ(20.4%)和处理Ⅱ(26.0%);而¹⁵N损失率为46.9%,显著低于处理Ⅰ(56.5%)和处理Ⅱ(52.9%).不同施氮方式下植株的平均单果质量、可溶性固形物、硬度、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比均存在显著差异,且均以处理Ⅲ最高,其次是处理Ⅱ,处理Ⅰ最低.     

新疆棉田土壤质量综合评价方法

以新疆主要棉区为研究对象,测定了哈密、博乐、昌吉、奎屯、石河子、阿克苏及喀什棉田土壤耕层的pH、盐分、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾及Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb 共计11个指标,综合分析土壤理化性质和重金属含量,采用土壤质量综合指数(SQI)对新疆主要棉区棉田土壤质量进行综合评价.结果表明: 新疆棉区棉田土壤呈碱性,pH均值为7.87,盐分含量均值为3.44 g·kg^-1,为轻度盐化土壤,有机质和全氮含量均偏低,速效磷、速效钾含量较为丰富,与第二次全国土壤普查数据相比,土壤pH、盐分含量、有机质和全氮均呈下降趋势,土壤速效磷明显增长,部分地区土壤速效钾呈现出不同程度的升高趋势;Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb 5种重金属含量分别为45.88、40.66、68.30、12.88、16.68 mg·kg^-1,均未超过国家二级标准,但与新疆土壤元素背景值相比,Cu、Zn、As均有累积现象.当重金属内梅罗综合污染指数(PN)小于0.5时,土壤理化性质越好,土壤综合质量越好.土壤有机质、全氮、Cu、Zn和As是影响新疆棉区棉田土壤质量的重要因素.新疆棉区棉田土壤质量总体属于中等水平,昌吉、奎屯质量最高,SQI为0.52,阿克苏质量最低,SQI为0.31,不同棉区土壤质量呈现为:北疆>东疆>南疆.