Pathogenicity of the protozoan parasite Marteilioides chungmuensis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Marteilioides chungmuensis is an ovarian parasite that causes nodule-like structures to appear on the gonads of female Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. It is known that the prevalence of infection increases in summer and decreases from autumn to spring. To investigate the decrease in prevalence of infection and pathogenicity of the parasite, a biopsy method was developed to detect infected oysters, which were then monitored to calculate the mortality rate. Mortality of infected oysters was recorded monthly and changes in reproductive development observed histologically. Compared with control groups, a significant difference in mortality was observed in infected oysters in September and October. Histological observations showed that infected oysters produced oocytes continuously, even in autumn when healthy oysters were reproductively inactive. This prolonged spawning activity of infected oysters resulted in nutritional wasting and mortality. From December onwards, however, almost all infected oysters survived, though the infection persisted. Infection intensity decreased gradually from December. Histological observations revealed that, in winter, infected oysters released infected and uninfected oocytes through the genital canal. The gonad subsequently degenerated and was replaced with connective tissue, as in normal, healthy spent oysters. The results revealed that prevalence of infection decreased from September to May. It is hypothesised that the decline in prevalence within the epizootic area in autumn occurred because infected oysters died and that the winter decrease was due to recovery from infection.     

86例超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺体会

目的分析86例经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺病理,提高前列腺癌活检阳性率。方法86例(年龄71-89岁,PSA.>10 ng/ml,PSAD>0.3),直肠超声(TRUS)引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺,6+X法。结果前列腺癌39例,前列腺增生46例,前列腺炎1例。前列腺癌阳性中:有可疑病灶32例,无可疑病灶7例,前列腺癌敏感性82%(32/39),其中第二次穿刺病例8例,阳性4例,第三次穿刺2例,阳性2例。结论对70岁以上高老人的前列腺穿刺活检病人,因个性化对待,重点对可疑病灶点和外周带的穿刺。     

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections towards Improving Pathology

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging is an emerging approach to obtain detailed images that have associated biochemical information. FT-IR imaging of tissue is based on the principle that different regions of the mid-infrared are absorbed by different chemical bonds (e.g., C=O, C-H, N-H) within cells or tissue that can then be related to the presence and composition of biomolecules (e.g., lipids, DNA, glycogen, protein, collagen). In an FT-IR image, every pixel within the image comprises an entire Infrared (IR) spectrum that can give information on the biochemical status of the cells that can then be exploited for cell-type or disease-type classification. In this paper, we show: how to obtain IR images from human tissues using an FT-IR system, how to modify existing instrumentation to allow for high-definition imaging capabilities, and how to visualize FT-IR images. We then present some applications of FT-IR for pathology using the liver and kidney as examples. FT-IR imaging holds exciting applications in providing a novel route to obtain biochemical information from cells and tissue in an entirely label-free non-perturbing route towards giving new insight into biomolecular changes as part of disease processes. Additionally, this biochemical information can potentially allow for objective and automated analysis of certain aspects of disease diagnosis.     

Proteomics,and Metabolomics: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Presurgical Screening of Thyroid Nodules

We review the progress and state-of-the-art applications of studies in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and Imaging as an aid for diagnosis of thyroid lesions of different nature, especially focusing our attention to those lesions that are cytologically undetermined. It appears that the high-resolution of High-Resolution Magic-Angle-Spinning (HRMAS) MRS improves the overall accuracy of the analysis of thyroid lesions to a point that a significant improvement in the diagnosis of cytologically undetermined lesions can be expected. This analysis, in the meantime, allows a more precise comprehension of the alterations in the metabolic pathways induced by the development of the different tumors. Although these results are promising, at the moment, a clinical application of the method to the common workup of thyroid nodules cannot be used, due to both the limitation in the availability of this technology and the wide range of techniques, that are not uniformly used. The coming future will certainly see a wider application of these methods to the clinical practice in patients affected with thyroid nodules and various other neoplastic diseases.     

高级别前列腺上皮内瘤(HGPIN)的研究新进展

前列腺上皮内瘤(HGPIN)分为低级别上皮内瘤与高级别上皮内瘤,目前高级别前列腺上皮内瘤是公认的前列腺腺癌的癌前病变,在形态学、遗传学和分子生物学特点上和前列腺癌有许多相似之处。其病因仍不明,临床上影像学检查和实验室检查对其诊断帮助不大,其诊断主要依靠病理组织学检查,包括前列腺穿刺活检与手术切除的组织。免疫组织化学染色应用P504S、P63、34βE12有助于和前列腺癌相鉴别。而首次穿刺活检诊断为HGPIN的患者应定期复查血PSA和定期行增加穿刺针数的活检,是否对HGPIN行前列腺癌的治疗方法尚存在争议,本文对高级别前列腺上皮内瘤的研究进展做综述如下。     

Positive prostate biopsy following radiotherapy can predict metastasis-free survival in localized prostate cancer

Background/aim(s)To determine the impact of post-treatment biopsy results on 10-year metastasis-free survival (MFS), overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) in localized prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with high-dose radiotherapy (RT).Materials/MethodsRetrospective analysis of 232 patients with T1c-T3bN0M0 PCa who underwent a prostate biopsy 24–36 months after high-dose RT. Biopsies were categorized as positive biopsy (PB) if H&E staining showed evidence of residual malignancy and negative biopsy (NB) if no malignant cells were present. Kaplan-Meier estimates of 10-year MFS, OS and CSS rates were calculated for each group and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios. The median follow-up was 124 months (range 26–267).ResultsSixty-two of 232 (26.7%) patients had post-treatment positive biopsies (PB). A positive post-treatment biopsy was significantly associated with a lower 10-year MFS (78.4% vs. 95.4%, p = 0.001, HR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.8–8.3). Although patients with PB had worse outcomes that those with NB, we could not show a statistically significant difference in OS (81.0% vs. 87.9%, p = 0.282, HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.7–2.3) or CSS (96.2% vs. 99.4% (p = 0.201, HR. 2.4, 95% CI: 0.6–9.7). After multivariate analysis, the strongest predictor of MFS was the post-treatment biopsy status (p < 0.001, HR: 5.4, 95% CI 2.26–12.85) followed by Gleason score (p = 0.002, HR: 2.24, 95% CI 1.33–3.79).ConclusionA positive biopsy following RT can predict MFS in localized prostate cancer. These data highlight the relevance of achieving a local control and support the use of aggressive local therapeutic interventions for PCa.     

超声引导下肝内胆管置管治疗肝内胆管结石并发梗阻的临床效果观察

目的:探究超声引导下肝内胆管置管治疗肝内胆管结石并发梗阻的临床效果和安全性。方法:选择2014年1月至2018年1月于我院接受治疗的98例肝内胆管结石并发梗阻患者为研究对象,将患者按照入院顺序统一编号后,根据随机数字表法进行分为实验组与对照组,每组各49例患者。对照组患者于常规X线引导下行肝内胆管置管治疗,实验组患者在超声引导下实施肝内胆管置管治疗,对比两组患者穿刺次数、手术时间、术后并发症的发生情况,并对两组患者随访3个月,比较其结石残余率及治疗效果。结果:(1)实验组患者穿刺次数及操作时间均显著少于对照组(P0.05);(2)实验组患者术后各类并发症发生率为4.08%,明显低于对照组(20.41%,P0.05);(3)对照组患者后3个月的结石残余率为14.29%(7/49),实验组为2.04%(1/49),显著低于对照组(P0.05);(4)术后3个月,实验组患者治疗总有效率为97.96%,明显高于对照组(81.63%,P0.05)。结论:与常规X线引导下行肝内胆管置管治疗相比,超声引导下肝内胆管置管在治疗肝内胆管结石并发梗阻中具有较更好的治疗效果和安全性。     

超声引导经阴道射频消融治疗症状性子宫肌瘤的临床价值

目的:探讨超声引导经阴道射频消融治疗症状性子宫肌瘤的安全性和有效性。方法:选择39例症状性子宫肌瘤患者进行经阴道射频消融治疗。术前超声测量肌瘤体积,采用子宫肌瘤症状和生存质量调查表对患者的子宫肌瘤相关症状的严重程度以及生活质量情况进行评分,观察治疗前和治疗后3、6、9、12个月肌瘤体积缩小率、临床症状及生活质量的改善情况和治疗前后卵巢功能的变化情况。结果:射频消融平均手术时间25分钟,术中及术后均未见明显并发症。本组术前肌瘤体积为65.2±49.3 cm~3;术后3、6、9、12个月肌瘤体积分别为32.2±27.6 cm~3、21.2±18.2 cm~3、15.3±12.1 cm~3、10.3±9.8 cm~3,与术前相比均显著缩小(P0.05)。术前SSS评分为60.23±13.2,术后3、6、9、12个月SSS评分分别为42.2±11.4、21.1±10.2、15.4±10.3、12.2±9.7,与治疗前相比均明显下降(P0.05)。术前QOL评分为58.24±16.24,术后3、6、9、12个月QOL评分分别为70.3±20.3、81.4±8.6、86.3±7.6、88.2±9.1,与治疗前相比逐渐上升,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。手术后3、6、9、12个月后患者的FSH、LH、E2水平与术前相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:超声引导下经阴道射频治疗子宫肌瘤可以有效缩小肌瘤体积,改善患者的临床症状,并提高患者的生活质量。