Plants as sources of natural and recombinant anti-cancer agents

Herbal remedies were the first medicines used by humans due to the many pharmacologically active secondary metabolites produced by plants. Some of these metabolites inhibit cell division and can therefore be used for the treatment of cancer, e.g. the mitostatic drug paclitaxel (Taxol). The ability of plants to produce medicines targeting cancer has expanded due to the advent of genetic engineering, particularly in recent years because of the development of gene editing systems such as the CRISPR/Cas9 platform. These technologies allow the introduction of genetic modifications that facilitate the accumulation of native pharmaceutically-active substances, and even the production heterologous recombinant proteins, including human antibodies, lectins and vaccine candidates. Here we discuss the anti-cancer agents that are produced by plants naturally or following genetic modification, and the potential of these products to supply modern healthcare systems. Special emphasis will be put on proteinaceous anti-cancer agents, which can exhibit an improved selectivity and reduced side effects compared to small molecule-based drugs.     

腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术的治疗效果及对血清前梯度蛋白-2的影响及其意义

目的:探讨腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术的治疗效果及对血清前梯度蛋白-2(AGR2)的影响及其意义。方法:选取2013年3月～2016年5月我院收治的80例膀胱癌患者为研究对象,同时选取同期体检健康的志愿者30例作对照组。膀胱癌患者择期行腹腔镜根治术,观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道排气时间、住院时间和术后并发症。采用ELISA法检测膀胱癌患者术前和术后4周血清AGR2水平的变化。术后随访至2017年12月25日,分析血清AGR2水平与患者总生存期(OS)和无进展生存期(PFS)的关系。结果:80例患者顺利完成腹腔镜根治术,无中转开放手术,无死亡,手术时间(359.8±45.7)min,术中出血量(423.8±109.4)mL,术后肠道排气时间(3.2±1.4)d,术后住院时间(12.9±2.4)d。膀胱癌患者术前血清AGR2水平显著高于对照组[(33.5±9.4) vs.(8.5±2.1)ng/m L,P0.05],术后4周血清AGR2较术前显著降低[(17.8±4.1) vs.(33.5±9.4) ng/mL,P0.05]。术后4周血清AGR2低水平患者PFS(23vs14月,P0.05)和OS (36vs23月,P0.05)均显著大于高水平患者(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术治疗效果满意,可显著降低患者血清AGR2水平。血清AGR2水平的变化有助于腹腔镜根治术的治疗效果和预后预测。     

Hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs

This review focuses on basic aspects and recent studies of hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs and is discussed with 164 references. Firstly, biology of hair and sampling of hair specimens have been commented for the sake of correct interpretation of the results from hair analysis. Then the usual washing methods of hair samples and the extraction methods for drugs in hair have been shown and commented on. Analytical methods for each drug have been discussed by the grouping of three analytical methods, namely immunoassay, HPLC–CE and GC–MS. The outcomes of hair analysis studies have been reviewed by dividing into six groups; morphine and related, cocaine and related, amphetamines, cannabinoids, the other abused drugs and therapeutic drugs. In addition, reports on stability of drugs in the living hair and studies on drug incorporation into hair and dose–hair concentration relationships have been reviewed. Applications of hair analysis to the estimation of drug history, discrimination between OTC drug use and illegal drug use, drug testing for acute poisoning, gestational drug exposure and drug compliance have also been reviewed. Finally, the promising prospects of hair analysis have been described.     

A型肉毒毒素治疗偏侧面肌痉挛和头颈部肌张力障碍的疗效观察

为评估Ａ型肉毒毒素治疗偏侧面肌痉挛和头颈部肌张力障碍的疗效,本文对４２例偏侧面肌痉挛及３４例头颈部肌张力障碍（后者包括１８例眼睑痉挛,１２例Ｍｅｉｇｅ氏病、４例痉挛性斜颈）病人进行Ａ型肉毒毒素肌肉多点注射治疗,并治疗前后的病情分级对比。结果表明,Ａ型肉毒毒素治疗有效率为１００％,疗效持续８～２６周,可重复注射,并再次取得疗效。部分病人局部出现轻度肌无力,数周后均可恢复,无全身毒副作用。结论认为Ａ型肉毒毒素能治疗偏侧面肌痉挛和头颈部局限性肌张力障碍,不失为一种有效安全简便易行的治疗手段。     

显微手术在矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤中的治疗效果分析

目的:研究显微手术在矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤中的治疗效果。方法:选取2014年7月至2015年6月本院收治的150例矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤患者,根据投硬币法分为观察组和对照组,每组75例。观察组采取显微手术进行治疗,对照组采用常规开颅手术方式进行治疗,比较两组患者的手术指标、手术切除率、临床疗效及并发症的发生率。结果:观察组的术中输血量、出血量均显著少于对照组(P0.05),两组患者手术时间、手术切除程度、改善率、致残率及死亡率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组总的并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:经显微手术治疗矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤患者术中输血量和出血量较少,手术效果良好,安全性高。     

寨卡病毒引发小头症?关系越确定,防治越迫切!

自2015年初至今,寨卡病毒(Zika virus,ZIKV)以巴西为首先后在数十个国家和地区暴发流行。几乎同时,与日俱增的小头症患儿使全球对此陷入警惕状态。目前,全球正在积极探索ZIKV感染所引发的各种神经系统疾病。在越来越多证据表明在细胞水平和动物模型中ZIKV能直接损伤胚胎脑部发育的同时,ZIKV感染者的防治需求也越来越迫切。本文从ZIKV的流行病学、与小头畸形因果关系的研究进展及其预防疫苗和治疗药物的研究现状等方面进行概述。     

治疗性抗体药物开发中IgG亚型选择

治疗性抗体药物针对不同的适应证具有专一性和有效性。目前已上市的治疗性抗体药物多是以IgG为框架开发的,并且绝大部分属于IgG1亚型。在治疗性抗体药物的开发中,由于各亚型具有不同的结构与功能,影响其理化性质、生物活性和触发效应功能的能力等,为达到期望的治疗效果并且避免不良反应,应选择适宜的抗体亚型进行抗体设计。主要综述了影响IgG亚型选择的相关因素,以及IgG1、IgG2和IgG4亚型在治疗性抗体药物开发中的应用研究,以期为治疗性抗体药物研发提供新思路。     

步长稳心颗粒治疗功能性早搏60例疗效分析

目的:观察步长稳心颗粒(简称稳心颗粒)治疗功能性早搏的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择功能性早搏60例病人,随机分为治疗组及对照组,每组各30例。治疗组给予稳心颗粒一包(9克),每日三次,温开水冲服;对照组给予倍他乐克25毫克,每日二次口服,一个月为一疗程。结果:四周后治疗组显效11例,有效16例,总有效率90%。对照组显效8例,有效18例,总有效率86.7%,p>0.05,两组比较无显著性差异。对血压、心率影响方面稳心颗粒明显优于倍他乐克结论:稳心颗粒治疗功能性早搏疗效显著,且效果稳定,安全无明显不良反应,值得临床推广应用。