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81.
The peak interval (PI) procedure is commonly used to evaluate animals' ability to produce timed intervals. It consists of presenting fixed interval (FI) schedules in which some of the trials are replaced by extended non-reinforced trials. Responding will often resume (resurge) at the end of the non-reinforced trials unless precautions are taken to prevent it. Response resurgence was replicated in rats and pigeons. Variation of the durations of the FI and the non-reinforced probe trials showed it to be dependent on the time when reinforcement is expected. Timing of both the normal time to reinforcement, and the subsequent time to reinforcement during the probe trials followed Weber's law. A quantitative model of resurgence is described, suggesting how animals respond to the signaling properties of reinforcement omission. Model results were simulated using a stochastic binary counter. 相似文献
82.
Zentall TR 《Behavioural processes》2007,74(2):286-292
Memory for time by animals appears to undergo a systematic shortening. This so-called choose-short effect can be seen in a conditional temporal discrimination when a delay is inserted between the sample and comparison stimuli. We have proposed that this temporal shortening may result from a procedural artifact in which the delay appears similar to the intertrial interval and thus, produces an inadvertent ambiguity or 'instructional failure'. When this ambiguity is avoided by distinguishing the intertrial interval from the delay, as well as the samples from the delay, the temporal shortening effect and other asymmetries often disappear. By avoiding artifacts that can lead to a misinterpretation of results, we may understand better how animals represent time. An alternative procedure for studying temporal discriminations is with the psychophysical bisection procedure in which following conditional discrimination training, intermediate durations are presented and the point of subjective equality is determined. Research using the bisection procedure has shown that pigeons represent temporal durations not only as their absolute value but also relative to durations from which they must be discriminated. Using this procedure, we have also found that time passes subjectively slower when animals are required to respond to the to-be-timed stimulus. 相似文献
83.
Catania MV D'Antoni S Bonaccorso CM Aronica E Bear MF Nicoletti F 《Molecular neurobiology》2007,35(3):298-307
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5) are coupled to polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis and are involved
in activity-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity, both during development and in the adult life. Group I mGlu receptors
can also regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neural stem/progenitor cells, which further support their
role in brain development. An exaggerated response to activation of mGlu5 receptors may underlie synaptic dysfunction in Fragile
X syndrome, the most common inherited form of mental retardation. In addition, group I mGlu receptors are overexpressed in
dysplastic neurons of focal cortical dysplasia and hemimegaloencephaly, which are disorders of cortical development associated
with chronic epilepsy. Drugs that block the activity of group I mGlu receptors (in particular, mGlu5 receptors) are potentially
helpful for the treatment of Fragile X syndrome and perhaps other neurodevelopmental disorders. 相似文献
84.
Bayesian modeling of dynamic motion integration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anna Montagnini Pascal Mamassian Laurent Perrinet Eric Castet Guillaume S. Masson 《Journal of Physiology》2007,101(1-3):64-77
The quality of the representation of an object's motion is limited by the noise in the sensory input as well as by an intrinsic ambiguity due to the spatial limitation of the visual motion analyzers (aperture problem). Perceptual and oculomotor data demonstrate that motion processing of extended objects is initially dominated by the local 1D motion cues, related to the object's edges and orthogonal to them, whereas 2D information, related to terminators (or edge-endings), takes progressively over and leads to the final correct representation of global motion. A Bayesian framework accounting for the sensory noise and general expectancies for object velocities has proven successful in explaining several experimental findings concerning early motion processing [Weiss, Y., Adelson, E., 1998. Slow and smooth: a Bayesian theory for the combination of local motion signals in human vision. MIT Technical report, A.I. Memo 1624]. In particular, these models provide a qualitative account for the initial bias induced by the 1D motion cue. However, a complete functional model, encompassing the dynamical evolution of object motion perception, including the integration of different motion cues, is still lacking. Here we outline several experimental observations concerning human smooth pursuit of moving objects and more particularly the time course of its initiation phase, which reflects the ongoing motion integration process. In addition, we propose a recursive extension of the Bayesian model, motivated and constrained by our oculomotor data, to describe the dynamical integration of 1D and 2D motion information. We compare the model predictions for object motion tracking with human oculomotor recordings. 相似文献
85.
We consider a mathematical model of mesoscopic human cortical ictal electrical activity. We compare the model results with
ictal electrocortical data recorded from three human subjects and show how the two agree. We determine that, in the model
system, seizures result from increased connectivity between excitatory and inhibitory cell populations, or from decreased
connectivity within either excitatory or inhibitory cell populations. We compare the model results with the disinhibition
and 4-AP models of epilepsy and suggest how the model may guide the development of new anticonvulsant therapies. 相似文献
86.
87.
Lotta L. E. Koskinen Eija H. Sepp?l? Janelle M. Belanger Meharji Arumilli Osmo Hakosalo P?ivi Jokinen Elisa M. Nevalainen Ranno Viitmaa Tarja S. Jokinen Anita M. Oberbauer Hannes Lohi 《BMC genomics》2015,16(1)
Background
Idiopathic epilepsy is a common neurological disease in human and domestic dogs but relatively few risk genes have been identified to date. The seizure characteristics, including focal and generalised seizures, are similar between the two species, with gene discovery facilitated by the reduced genetic heterogeneity of purebred dogs. We have recently identified a risk locus for idiopathic epilepsy in the Belgian Shepherd breed on a 4.4 megabase region on CFA37.Results
We have expanded a previous study replicating the association with a combined analysis of 157 cases and 179 controls in three additional breeds: Schipperke, Finnish Spitz and Beagle (pc = 2.9e–07, pGWAS = 1.74E-02). A targeted resequencing of the 4.4 megabase region in twelve Belgian Shepherd cases and twelve controls with opposite haplotypes identified 37 case-specific variants within the ADAM23 gene. Twenty-seven variants were validated in 285 cases and 355 controls from four breeds, resulting in a strong replication of the ADAM23 locus (praw = 2.76e–15) and the identification of a common 28 kb-risk haplotype in all four breeds. Risk haplotype was present in frequencies of 0.49–0.7 in the breeds, suggesting that ADAM23 is a low penetrance risk gene for canine epilepsy.Conclusions
These results implicate ADAM23 in common canine idiopathic epilepsy, although the causative variant remains yet to be identified. ADAM23 plays a role in synaptic transmission and interacts with known epilepsy genes, LGI1 and LGI2, and should be considered as a candidate gene for human epilepsies.Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1651-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献88.
89.
Reger TS Yang ZQ Schlegel KA Shu Y Mattern C Cube R Rittle KE McGaughey GB Hartman GD Tang C Ballard J Kuo Y Prueksaritanont T Nuss CE Doran SM Fox SV Garson SL Li Y Kraus RL Uebele VN Renger JJ Barrow JC 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2011,21(6):1692-1696
A novel series of amide T-type calcium channel antagonists were prepared and evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays. Optimization of the screening hit 3 led to identification of the potent and selective T-type antagonist 37 that displayed in vivo efficacy in rodent models of epilepsy and sleep. 相似文献
90.