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61.
Jorge Barrios-Muriel Francisco Romero Sánchez Francisco Javier Alonso Sánchez David Rodríguez Salgado 《Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering》2013,16(15):1219-1228
AbstractWhen designing any rehabilitation, sportswear or exoskeleton device the mechanical behaviour of the body segment must be known, specifically the skin, because an excessive tissue strain may lead to ulceration and bedsores. To date, it is not known if the kinematic variability between subjects have an effect on the skin strain field, and therefore, in the design and manufacturing of rehabilitation products, such as orthoses. Several studies have analysed the skin deformation during human motion, nevertheless, the comparison between the skin strain field in different subjects during normal or pathological gait has not been reported yet. This work presents a comparison of skin strain analysis for different gait patterns to study the differences between people and, specifically, if it is possible to standardize the orthotic design between subjects with the same gait disorder. Moreover, the areas with relatively minimum strain during the ankle-foot motion are compared to improve the design of structural parts of rehabilitation devices. In this case, a validated 3D digital image correlation system has been used for this purpose combined with strain ellipse theory. The results demonstrate variations in the skin strain field between subjects with the same pathology and similarities between subjects with normal gait. However, more studies and experiments are necessaries to validate this hypothesis and also to test it between different gait pathologies. 相似文献
62.
C Rodríguez-Burford D K Oelschlager L I Talley M N Barnes E E Partridge 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2013,88(1):17-21
We describe here a computational morphology-based approach to the investigation of possible causes of chromatin alterations in sperm. A comprehensive set of state-of-the-art and geometric measures are computationally extracted from toluidine blue stained images and analyzed to infer the possible processes leading to normal and abnormal chromatin formation while seeking a possible taxonomy of chromatin alterations and their influence on sperm head morphology. Using this methodology, we have identified higher chromatin fragility at some specific points of the sperm head. Despite the lack of correlation between morphologies of sperm head and chromatin structure, four main morphological types of chromatin alterations in bull spermatozoa have been identified and their possible causes discussed. 相似文献
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Marianna Agassandian Rama K. Mallampalli 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids》2013,1831(3):612-625
Pulmonary surfactant is essential for life and is composed of a complex lipoprotein-like mixture that lines the inner surface of the lung to prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration. The molecular composition of surfactant depends on highly integrated and regulated processes involving its biosynthesis, remodeling, degradation, and intracellular trafficking. Despite its multicomponent composition, the study of surfactant phospholipid metabolism has focused on two predominant components, disaturated phosphatidylcholine that confers surface-tension lowering activities, and phosphatidylglycerol, recently implicated in innate immune defense. Future studies providing a better understanding of the molecular control and physiological relevance of minor surfactant lipid components are needed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism. 相似文献
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《Cell Adhesion & Migration》2013,7(6):479-485
Cell migration is fundamental to many biological processes, including development, normal tissue remodeling, wound healing, and many pathologies. However, cell migration is a complex process, and understanding its regulation in health and disease requires the ability to manipulate and measure this process quantitatively under controlled conditions. This report describes a simple in vitro assay for quantitative analysis of cell migration in two-dimensional cultures that is an inexpensive alternative to the classic “scratch” assay. The method described utilizes flexible silicone masks fabricated in the lab according to the research demands of the specific experiment to create a cell-free area for cells to invade, followed by quantitative analysis based on widely available microscopic imaging tools. This experimental approach has the important advantage of visualizing cell migration in the absence of the cellular damage and disruption of the substrate that occurs when the “wound” is created in the scratch assay. This approach allows the researcher to study the intrinsic migratory characteristics of cells in the absence of potentially confounding contributions from cellular responses to injury and disruption of cell–substrate interactions. This assay has been used with vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cell types, but should be applicable to the study of practically any type of cultured cell. Furthermore, this method can be easily adapted for use with fluorescence microscopy, molecular biological, or pharmacological manipulations to explore the molecular mechanisms of cell migration, live cell imaging, fluorescence microscopy, and correlative immunolabeling. 相似文献
68.
Immacolata Del Giudice Danila Limauro Emilia Pedone Simonetta Bartolucci Gabriella Fiorentino 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics》2013,1834(10):2071-2079
Microorganisms living in arsenic-rich geothermal environments act on arsenic with different biochemical strategies, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance to the harmful effects of the metalloid have only partially been examined. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of arsenic resistance in the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB27. This strain, originally isolated from a Japanese hot spring, exhibited tolerance to concentrations of arsenate and arsenite up to 20 mM and 15 mM, respectively; it owns in its genome a putative chromosomal arsenate reductase (TtarsC) gene encoding a protein homologous to the one well characterized from the plasmid pI258 of the Gram + bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Differently from the majority of microorganisms, TtarsC is part of an operon including genes not related to arsenic resistance; qRT-PCR showed that its expression was four-fold increased when arsenate was added to the growth medium. The gene cloning and expression in Escherichia coli, followed by purification of the recombinant protein, proved that TtArsC was indeed a thioredoxin-coupled arsenate reductase with a kcat/KM value of 1.2 × 104 M− 1 s− 1. It also exhibited weak phosphatase activity with a kcat/KM value of 2.7 × 10− 4 M− 1 s− 1. The catalytic role of the first cysteine (Cys7) was ascertained by site-directed mutagenesis. These results identify TtArsC as an important component in the arsenic resistance in T. thermophilus giving the first structural–functional characterization of a thermophilic arsenate reductase. 相似文献
69.
Background
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are principal pericellular and extracellular components that form regulatory milieu involving numerous biological and pathophysiological phenomena. Diverse functions of CSPGs can be mainly attributed to structural variability of their polysaccharide moieties, chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAG). Comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms for CS biosynthesis and its catabolic processes is required in order to understand those functions.Scope of review
Here, we focus on recent advances in the study of enzymatic regulatory pathways for CS biosynthesis including successive modification/degradation, distinct CS functions, and disease phenotypes that have been revealed by perturbation of the respective enzymes in vitro and in vivo.Major conclusions
Fine-tuned machineries for CS production/degradation are crucial for the functional expression of CS chains in developmental and pathophysiological processes.General significance
Control of enzymes responsible for CS biosynthesis/catabolism is a potential target for therapeutic intervention for the CS-associated disorders. 相似文献70.
Sylvain Hanein Mathilde Garcia Lucas Fares-Taie Valérie Serre Yves De Keyzer Thierry Delaveau Isabelle Perrault Nathalie Delphin Sylvie Gerber Alain Schmitt Jean-Marc Masse Arnold Munnich Josseline Kaplan Frédéric Devaux Jean-Michel Rozet 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2013