全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3201篇 |
免费 | 373篇 |
国内免费 | 206篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 73篇 |
2022年 | 116篇 |
2021年 | 96篇 |
2020年 | 104篇 |
2019年 | 112篇 |
2018年 | 142篇 |
2017年 | 115篇 |
2016年 | 95篇 |
2015年 | 91篇 |
2014年 | 261篇 |
2013年 | 260篇 |
2012年 | 176篇 |
2011年 | 217篇 |
2010年 | 159篇 |
2009年 | 162篇 |
2008年 | 174篇 |
2007年 | 198篇 |
2006年 | 132篇 |
2005年 | 105篇 |
2004年 | 68篇 |
2003年 | 69篇 |
2002年 | 47篇 |
2001年 | 27篇 |
2000年 | 34篇 |
1999年 | 38篇 |
1998年 | 31篇 |
1997年 | 28篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 28篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 42篇 |
1992年 | 27篇 |
1991年 | 25篇 |
1990年 | 19篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 22篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 27篇 |
1984年 | 42篇 |
1983年 | 32篇 |
1982年 | 36篇 |
1981年 | 30篇 |
1980年 | 41篇 |
1979年 | 35篇 |
1978年 | 21篇 |
1977年 | 25篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1974年 | 22篇 |
1973年 | 19篇 |
排序方式: 共有3780条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
41.
Analysis of the biological effects of specific DNA alkylations by simple alkylating agents is complicated by the variety of sites involved. It is, therefore, of value to be able to incorporate into cellular DNA nucleosides alkylated in a single position, e.g., O6-methyldeoxyguanosine. Such cellular incorporation is particularly difficult to achieve because this nucleoside is rapidly demethylated by adenosine deaminase. We have attempted to achieve such incorporation into the DNA of V79 cells by using coformycin, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, and by forcing the cells to depend on exogenous purines by the use of medium containing aminopterin. The DNA of V79 cells exposed to O6-methyl-[8-3H]deoxyguanosine (2.4 μM, sp. act. 14 500 Ci/mole) showed an incorporation level of 4 × 10−8 nucleotides. When 1000-fold higher concentrations were employed (3–15 mM, sp. act. 1.6 Ci/mole), significant cytotoxicity and inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed. However, because it was not economically feasible to administer high specific activity O6-methyldeoxyguanosine to the cells at these concentrations, we could not determine the amount of labeled nucleoside incorporated into DNA. Examination of the frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant cells in these treated populations showed no significant increase above the background level. Comparison of the cytotoxic effect of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine with deoxyadenosine showed that the toxicity induced by O6-methyldeoxyguanosine could have resulted from mimicry of deoxyadenosine, rather than by incorporation of the alkylated nucleoside itself. 相似文献
42.
Z. Krupa 《Photosynthesis research》1983,4(3):229-239
Thylakoid membranes obtained from bean chloroplasts treated with bean galactolipase or phospholipase A2 (from Crotalus terr. terr.) showed marked changes in their polypeptide patterns when separated on SDS-PAGE. The obtained results have been discussed with regard to the relationship between chloroplast lipids and polypeptides originating from chlorophyll-protein complexes of bean thylakoids. A coexistence between galactolipids and the peripheral antennae in PS I complex and LHCP3 as well as a conspicuous role of phospholipids in PSI and PSII centre chlorophyll-protein complexes has to be underlined.Abbreviations CP1
chlorophyll a-protein complex of PSI
- CPa
chlorophyll a-protein complex of PSII
- D10
digitonin subchloroplast particles enriched in PSII
- D144
digitonin subchloroplast particles enriched in PSI
- DCMU
3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
- LHCP1–3
light harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complexes
- PAGE
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PSI
photosystem I
- PSII
photosystem II
- SDS
sodium dodecyl sulphate
- TCA
trichloroacetic acid
- Tricine
N-Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methylglycine
- Tris
Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan 相似文献
43.
Michael Ready Sandra Bird Gail Rothe J.D. Robertus 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression》1983,740(1):19-28
It has been known for some time that pokeweed antiviral protein acts by enzymatically inhibiting protein synthesis on eucaryotic ribosome systems. The site of this action is known to be the ribosome itself. In this paper we show that the pokeweed antiviral protein reaction against ribosomes is a strong function of salt concentrations, where 160 mM K+ and 3 mM Mg2+ retards the reaction, while 20 mM K+ and 2 mM Mg2+ allows maximum reaction rate. It is also shown, however, that an unidentified protein in the postribosomal supernatant solution, together with ATP, allows the ribosome to be attacked even in the presence of high salt. Kinetic analysis of the antiviral protein reaction has been carried out under both sets of conditions, and reveals that the turnover number for the enzyme is about 300–400 mol/mol per min. in each case. The Km for ribosomes is 1 μM in the presence of low salt and 0.2 μM at higher salt in the presence of postribosomal supernatant factors plus ATP. The antiviral protein reaction is also shown to be pH dependent and is controlled by a residue with pKa value of approx. 7.0, apparently a histidine. Stoichiometric reaction of the enzyme with iodoacetamide results in a significant loss of antiribosomal activity. 相似文献
44.
The brain organization of butterflyfishes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Roland Bauchot Jean-Marc Ridet Marie-Louise Bauchot 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1989,25(1-3):205-219
Synopsis The encephalization indices of angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) and butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) are typical of advanced perciform
fishes: both families lie in the upper part of the polygon of teleost indices. The chaetodontids seem to be a little more
encephalized than pomacanthids. The general morphology of the brains in both families is very similar: small olfactory bulbs,
large optic tectum and a cerebellum which covers the brain structures in front of it like a cap. This morphology is shared
by another family of the coral reef biotope, the Acanthuridae. The histological architecture is also typical of advanced teleosts,
with a cortex-like pallium, a laminated nucleus geniculatus (= pretectalis superficialis), a complex valvula cerebelli and
a corpus glomerulosum with a clear neuropile centre. The quantitative analysis of the main subdivisions of the brain, either
from relative volumes or from indices, shows small olfactory bulbs (microsmy) but important telencephalic and diencephalic
centres, large tectal centres (vision) and large cerebellum (precise locomotion). Many of these peculiarities are shared by
other fishes inhabiting coral reefs. The differences between the two families seem to be primarily correlated with food habits:
the angelfishes, which are sponge-feeders and may have an overweight due to the ballast of the sponge-skeleton in their digestive
tract, and which do not need either such good vision or such precise locomotion to pick up their prey, could be a little less
encephalized than the butterflyfishes. 相似文献
45.
The perennial taxa ofCrucianella in Asia form a coherent group, apparently diploid (x = 11) and outbreeding throughout, and should be placed into sect.Roseae. This Irano-Turanian group has its centre of diversity in the mountain systems south of the Caspian Sea and reaches with outposts NE. and E. Anatolia, NE. Iraq, S. Iran and C. Asia. Four species and 13 subspecies (within the polymorphicC. gilanica) are recognized, described (partly as new), and illustrated (Figs. 1–6). Conspectus, keys and distribution maps (Figs. 7 and 8) as well as plesio- and apomorphic character states and data on size of areas are provided (Table 1). There is an obvious correlation between more plesiomorphic taxa with smaller areas in the distribution centre of the group, and more apomorphic taxa with larger areas towards its periphery (Fig. 9). These findings are linked to a working hypothesis on the evolution of the group.Dedicated to Prof. DrLothar Geitler on the occasion of his 90th birthday. 相似文献
46.
Three routes were investigated for the conversion of d-glucose into the title compound. In the first approach, reduction of the 5,6-thürane ring of 5,6-dideoxy-5,6-epithio-1,2-O-isopropylidene α-d-glucofuranose (17) as well as that of its 3-O-allyl derivative (13) with lithium aluminium hydride was investigated; 17 afforded the corresponding 6-deoxy derivative besides di-, tri-, and poly-mers, whereas only polymers were formed from 13. In the second approach, the oxirane ring of was reduced by sodium borohydride and the resulting 6-deoxy derivative was converted into the 5-thiobenzoate; the corresponding hex-4-enofuranose was formed as a byproduct. In the third approach partial mesylation of methyl 5-thio-α-d-glucopyranoside was attempted, but the 6-mesylate 27 could be isolated only in modest yield (28%) together with rearranged 2,5-thioanhydromannofuranoside derivatives. The mechanism of this rearrangement is discussed in detail. The 6-mesylate 27 was converted via the 6-iodo derivative into the title compound. 相似文献
47.
肾综合征出血热人体组织中病毒包涵体的性质及意义的进一步研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
应用免疫组化、原位分子杂交、电镜及免疫电镜等方法进一步对肾综合征出血热人体尸检组织中病毒包涵体(IB)的抗原、核酸性质和超微结构特点作了进一步观察。结果,在39例中的20例尸检病例组织中显示出病毒核蛋白抗原和血凝素抗抗原阳性的IB,其中包括16例陕西尸检病例组织中的6例休克期和1例多尿期病例,17例上海病例中的3例休克期和9例少尿期病例及3例江西病例中的1例休克期病例。IB主要分布在呼吸道和肺泡、肾远曲小管和集合管、胃肠道、腺垂体、扁桃体、胰腺、前列腺等组织的粘膜上皮和腺上皮细胞及肝细胞和睾丸生精上皮细胞胞浆中,阳性细胞形态基本正常。应用原位分子杂交,可在该组细胞小同时检测到病毒RNA,多为胞浆内弥漫阳性,仅少数组织中显示出病毒RNA阳性IB结构。电镜观察阳性组织细胞中出现由大量微丝微管及颗粒样结构组成的IB结构,其小的病毒颗粒状结构、内质网及纤维丝状结构呈病毒抗原阳性,上述结构位于高尔基体区。结果说明该病毒有感染上皮细胞的特性,对其宿主细胞的致细胞病变作用是极其温和的,且多表现在亚细胞水平。IB可能是病毒过量表达抗原的堆积或病毒复制部位,而微丝微管结构可能参与病毒的感染过程。 相似文献
48.
Leda Guzman Rodrigo Bustos Ricardo B. Maccioni 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1994,131(2):105-113
The changes in the levels of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) during advanced embryonic stages, neonatal and adult organisms reflect the importance of these cytoskeletal proteins in relation to the morphogenesis of the central nervous system. MAP-1B is found in prenatal brains and it appears to have the highests levels in neonatal rat brains, being a developmentally-regulated protein. In this research, a fast procedure to isolate MAP-1B, as well as MAP-2 and MAP-3 from neonatal rat brains was designed, based on the differential capacity of poly L-aspartic acid to release MAPs during temperature-dependent cycles of microtubule assembly in the absence of taxol. The high molecular weight MAP-1B was recovered in the warm supernatants after microtubular protein polymerization in the presence of low concentrations of polyaspartic acid. Instead, MAP-2 and a 180 kDa protein with characteristics of MAP-3 remained associated to the polymer after the assembly. Further purification of MAP-1B was attained after phosphocellulose chromatography. Isolation of MAP-2 isoforms together with MAP-3 was achieved on the basis of their selective interactions with calmodulin-agarose affinity columns. In addition, MAP-2 and MAP-3 were also purified on the basis of their capacities to interact with the tubulin peptide -II (422–434) derivatized on an Affigel matrix. However, MAP-1B did not interact with the -II tubulin fragment, but it showed interaction with the Affigel-conjugated -I (431–444) tubulin peptide. The different MAPs componentes were characterized by western blots using specific monoclonal antibodies. A salient feature of neonatal rat brain MAP-3 was its interactions with site-directed antibodies that recognize binding epitopes on the repetitive sequences of tau and MAP-2. However, these site-specific antibodies did not interact with MAP-1B from the neonatal rat brain tissue.Abbreviations PAA
poly (L-aspartic acid)
- HMW-MAPs
high molecular weight microtubule associated proteins 相似文献
49.
Chronic Administration of Lithium Chloride Increases Immunodetectable Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the Rat Hippocampus 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract: We studied the effect of treating rats with lithium salts on the content and in vitro phosphorylation rate of the astrocyte cell marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), in brain slices. Rats were fed a diet incorporating lithium chloride until the concentration of Li+ in serum reached 0.6–1.2 m M , a range similar to that achieved in clinical practice. Hippocampal tissue was analyzed for immunoreactive GFAP by a dot assay, and slices of hippocampus and caudate nucleus were labeled with [32 P]-phosphate to determine the in vitro rate of phosphorylation of GFAP. Compared with controls, the level of immunoreactive GFAP in the hippocampus from lithium-treated rats was increased 34%, and GFAP in hippocampal slices incorporated 39% more 32 P. This effect of lithium was apparently not confined to the hippocampus because the in vitro rate of phosphorylation of GFAP in caudate slices was also increased in the treated rats. 相似文献
50.
本文就萤叶甲亚科中柱萤叶甲属鞘翅具黑色刻点的种类进行研究,共记述4种,我国已记录3种,其中1种为新种。 相似文献