新疆双距螯蜂属一新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科）

本文记述新疆螯蜂科二个种,－为黑腹单节螯蜂Ｈａｐｌｏｇｏｎａｔｏｐｕｓｏｒａｔｏｒｉｕｓ（Ｗｅｓｔｗｏｏｄ）,另－为新种：晶额双距螯蜂Ｇｏｎａｔｏｐｕｓｃｒｙｓｔａｌｌｉｎｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

The Chromosomal Organization of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus-like Sequence HERV-H: Clustering of the HERV-H Sequences in a 300-kb Region Close to the GRPR Locus on the X Chromosome

Within the haploid genome there are approximately 1,000 copiesof the human endogenous retroviruslike sequence, HERV-H. Althoughthese sequences are scattered throughout the entire genome,in situ hybridization experiments revealed that there are discreteclusters positioned on chromosomes 1p and 7q. In this study,we have located three HERV-H sequences which were unexpectedlyclustered within a 300-kilobase region close to the GRPR locuson the X chromosome. In previous studies, no clusteringof thissequence has been reported at this locus. Our finding demonstratesthat, like other repetitive sequences, clustering of HERV-Hoccurs in the human genome, although these sequences may notalways be detected by in situ hybridization methods.     

Differential accumulation of the transcripts of 22 novel protein kinase genes in Arabidopsis thaliana

22 novel members of the Arabidopsis thaliana protein kinase family (AKs) were identified by using degenerate oligonucleotide primers directed to highly conserved amino acid sequences of the protein kinase (PK) catalytic domain. Of these 22 genes, 16 turned out to carry intron sequences. Homologies of AK sequences were detected to S-locus receptor protein kinases (SRKs) from Brassica spp., to SRK-like PKs from maize and A. thaliana and to several other receptor PKs from A. thaliana. Sequence similarity was also detected to Ca²⁺-dependent PKs (CDPKs) from rape and soybean, to SNF1 and to CDC2 homologues. The genomic organization and the accumulation of the mRNAs from these 22 AK genes were investigated.     

应用RAPD技术对大熊猫分类地位的探讨

采用ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交等方法对大熊猫与小熊猫、马来熊、浣熊等共有的一条１．３ｋｂ的ＲＡＰＤ产物片段进行了初步分析。研究结果显示,来自于大熊猫的此共有片段可能为一重复序列,并且其内部含有多个随机引物ＡＢ１－０８的结合位点。以此来自于大熊猫的１．３ｋｂ片段为探针进行杂交,发现马来熊ＲＡＰＤ产物中的对应片段显示了很高的同源性,而小熊猫和浣熊ＲＡＰＤ产物则无相应的杂交带。这暗示,从分类地位上来看,大熊猫与熊科马来熊的亲缘关系应更近于与小熊猫和浣熊的亲缘关系,应与马来熊一样划分为熊科。本研究为大熊猫分类地位的确定提供了又一分子生物学证据     

PHYLOGENYAND HISTORICAL ECOLOGY OF THE DESMARESTIACEAE (PHAEOPHYCEAE) SUPPORT A SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE ORIGIN1

Phylogenetic relationships in the Desmarestiales (Phaeophyceae) were inferred among the monotypic Arthrocladia (Arthrocladiaceae) and 27 isolates from Desmarestiaceae, representing 17 taxa of Desmarestia and the monotypic Antarctic genera Himantothallus and Phaeurus. Phaeurus and Arthrocladia were used as outgroups. Parsimony analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) sequences, in which gaps were both included and excluded, yielded well-resolved trees with a consistent general branching pattern. A parallel analysis of nine morphological and life-history characters and three ecological characters yielded a similar tree but provided little resolution in the terminal clades. The position of the monotypic Arthrocladia villosa within the Desmarestiales is consistent with monophyly for the order, but its position as the most primitive desmarestialean is not resolvable from the molecular data set. The basal position of Phaeurus, the Antarctic Desmarestia species, and Himantothallus is consistent with the hypothesis of a Southern Hemisphere origin for the family Desmarestiaceae. The more recent Northern Hemisphere “aculeata” clade evolved from an Antarctic ancestor. A “D. aculeata-like” species was ancestral to a lineage characterized by annual sporophytes with high sulfuric acid content, which radiated into many species, widely distributed in both hemispheres. Mapping of morphological and ecological characters onto the molecular tree confirm the informativeness of sulfuric acid-containing vacuoles and unilocular sporangial types. There is good congruence between phylogenetic tree topology and temperature impints in relation to biogeographic distribution, supporting the theory that temperature tolerance is a conservative trait.     

Faunal assemblage seriation of southern African Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil deposits

Fossil assemblages from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of southern Africa were seriated in order to give a better idea of their relative chronology. Time-sensitive mammals were selected for calculation of the Faunal Resemblance Index among 17 site units. On the basis of a logistical seriation and subsequent site analysis, the following sequence of sites was deemed most probable: Makapansgat Member 3, Makapansgat Member 4, Taung Dart deposits, Sterkfontein Member 4 and Taung Hrdli?ka deposits, Sterkfontein Member 5 (in part) and Kromdraai B, Kromdraai A and Swartkrans Member 1, Swartkrans Member 2, Swartkrans Member 3, Plovers Lake, Cornelia, Elandsfontein Main Site, Cave of Hearths Acheulian levels, Florisbad and Equus Cave and Klasies River Mouth. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Land-use history of the Axlarp area in the Småland uplands,southern Sweden: palaeoecological and archaeological investigations

The results of pollen analysis, magnetic measurements (SIRM), and archaeological and historical investigations, in the Axlarp area are presented. With respect to natural conditions and the distribution of prehistoric features, this area is typical of the higher parts of the Småland uplands, which, agriculturally, is a marginal region of southern Sweden. The study shows that farming in the Axlarp area began at ca. 700 B.C. (dates in calibrated/calendar years). The period 700 B.C.-A.D. 500 was characterized by shifting cultivation of Hordeum and Triticum and much pasture. Between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1200 farming declined but some pasturage was still practised, possibly on a seasonal basis. Two farms were established in the Middle Ages, probably between A.D. 1200–1300. Cereals were sown in stone-cleared fields and pastoral farming and hay making was carried out. One farm was deserted during the 15th or early 16th century and the other developed into the hamlet Axlarp whose farmers practised a three-course cropping system. Land-use history as recorded in the pollen diagram can be related to activities associated with these farms. Cereals grown after A.D. 1200 included Hordeum and Avena, and possibly Triticum and Secale. There are no indications of slash-and-burn cultivation in the area.     

新疆10种沙生植物旱生结构的解剖学研究

新疆１０种沙生植物的形态解剖研究表明,它们为适应沙生环境形态结构发生变化。叶器官的形态呈三种类型：叶片退化成膜质或鳞片状,而由同化枝执行光合功能;叶片上下都具栅栏组织,表皮角质膜厚,表皮毛发达,气孔下陷,输导组织和机械组织都发达;叶片肉质化,叶肉组织不分化,贮水组织发达而输导组织不发达。轴器官中厚壁组织发达,围绕维管组织,维管组织内部也有发达的厚壁组织。根中普遍具有周皮,一些植物存在异常的维管组织,部分植物还具有粘液细胞或结晶。沙生植物形成各种旱生结构,以不同的方式适应沙生环境。     

Nicotiana chloroplast genome

Summary Using the existing restriction map and probes from wheat and pea ct-DNA, seven protein genes have been localized in the chloroplast genome of N. tabacum. On the clock-like map, the location of each gene is indicated by its time zone: the 15.2 kD polypeptide of the cytochrome b/f complex at 315, cytochrome f at 430, LS of RuBPCase at 450, both and subunits of ATP synthase at or near 500, proton-translocating subunit of ATP synthase at 820, subunit of ATP synthase at 840 and the 32 kD protein at 930. The genome organization of Nicotiana chloroplast DNA is similar to spinach.