我国区域间生物入侵的现状及防治

区域间生物入侵是指国家内部不同区域间物种入侵所引发的危害。由于我国生态系统错综多样,国内人员、物品流动频繁且不易监控,因此区域间生物入侵危害已经十分严峻。本文主要以我国以及国外已有的区域间生物入侵事件为例,分析其主要的入侵途径、危害与防治措施。区域间生物入侵主要通过引种、运输、人为干扰等途径,可以造成土著种灭绝、基因污染、生物多样性降低等危害。全球气候变化、南水北调等大型工程建设以及海峡两岸交流等领域是今后我国区域间生物入侵研究的主要方向。     

中华漠王Platyope proctoleuca chinensis(鞘翅目:拟步甲科)对微生境的选择

动物对栖息地选择是复杂的,探索其内在机制对寻求维持动物多样性的有效方法具有重要意义。以古尔班通古特沙漠的地表甲虫优势种——中华漠王(Platyope proctoleuca chinensis)(鞘翅目:拟步甲科)为研究对象,2007—2008年连续2年采用陷阱捕获法监测其在不同生境下的种群数量和洞穴数量,分析该甲虫在景观和微尺度环境下对栖息地的选择。结果表明:在景观尺度上,与垄间相比,中华漠王更喜欢在沙丘上活动,在沙丘不同坡面上,中华漠王在背风坡的种群数量大于迎风坡;在微尺度上,中华漠王喜好沙丘上部的微环境,在背风坡上部种群数量相对更多;洞穴数量在景观和微生境2种尺度上的分布基本与种群数量空间分布一致。此外,中华漠王对微生境的选择与洞穴建立的难易程度有关,而洞穴的建立与土壤质量密切相关,特别是土壤的物质组成及其硬度。     

多点进水潜流湿地的水力效率及氮浓度空间变化

通过脉冲示踪实验比较了3种多点进水方式和一般推流式的水力效率,通过脱氮实验获得不同水力效率下总氮和铵态氮浓度的空间分布,并对水力效率和脱氮效率进行了相关性分析。结果表明:4种布水方式中,阶梯进水方式的有效体积比和水力效率均最高,此时潜流湿地系统内部水流停留时间分散程度较低,水流混合流动程度较弱,更接近于推流;不同布水方式下总氮在潜流湿地中的空间分布差异比铵态氮明显,阶梯进水方式有利于湿地后段的反硝化脱氮作用;水力效率与总氮去除率存在极显著的相关性,而与铵态氮的去除相关性不显著。     

乌江洪家渡水库鱼体汞含量

测定了贵州省乌江流域新建的洪家渡水库中的8种124尾鱼类的总汞和甲基汞含量,探讨其变化趋势及可能产生的生态风险。总汞采用混合酸消解用冷原子荧光(CVAFS)测定,甲基汞的测定采用碱消解-水相乙基化结合气相色谱(GC)冷原子荧光(CVAFS)测定。结果表明,总汞和甲基汞含量均为肉食性鱼类杂食性鱼类,鱼体汞含量与它们的生态学特性(食物来源和生活习性)有关,与体重和体长无显著相关关系;鱼体总汞和甲基汞含量均值分别为0.063±0.046和0.028±0.019mg.kg-1,均远低于大部分研究报道的新建水库中鱼体汞含量(0.50mg.kg-1)。洪家渡水库鱼类由于在低汞环境中,导致甲基汞不易富集,其鱼体甲基汞和总汞含量并未急剧增加,显著不同于北美和欧洲等地区新建水库中鱼体汞含量升高的现象,但随着水库演化导致水库有机质增加可能使鱼体汞逐步上升。     

Potential impacts of climate warming on active soil organic carbon contents along natural altitudinal forest transect of Changbai Mountain

Understanding soil carbon fractions and their responses to the global warming is important for improving soil carbon management of natural altitudinal forest ecosystem. In this study, the contents of soil total organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in soil upper layers (0–20 cm) were measured along a natural altitudinal transect in the north slope of Changbai Mountain. The results showed that under natural conditions the contents of SOC and LOC were largest in Betula ermanii forest (altitude 1996 m), moderate in spruce-fir forest (altitude 1350 m), and smallest in Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest (altitude 740 m). MBC contents in different forest ecosystems decreased in the order of Betula ermanii forest, Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest, and dark coniferous forest. In addition, the responses of SOC, LOC, and MBC to soil warming were conducted by relocating intact soil cores from high- to low-elevation forests for one year. As expected, the soil core relocation caused significant increase in soil temperature but made no significant effect on soil moisture. After one year incubation, soil relocation significantly decreased SOC contents, whereas the contents of LOC, MBC, and the ratios of LOC to SOC and MBC to SOC increased.     

Bioremediation of 6 % [w/w] Diesel‐Contaminated Mainland Soil in Singapore: Comparison of Different Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation Treatments

The efficacy of indigenous microorganisms to degrade diesel oil in contaminated mainland sites in Singapore was investigated. A semi‐scale trial was made by spiking topsoil with 6 % [w/w] of diesel oil. The results indicated that in the presence of NPK commercial (Rosasol®) fertilizer a 53 % reduction in contaminant concentration was recorded after 60 days compared to untreated controls while the addition of a mixture of urea and K₂HPO₄ effected a 48 % reduction in the Total Recoverable Petroleum Hydrocarbons. A commercial culture and an enriched/isolated microbial association proved to be the least effective with 25 and 9 % reductions, respectively. The results confirmed the bioremediation potential of indigenous microorganisms for diesel‐oil contaminated mainland soil. Identification of the persistent compounds was done and perceived as a tool in decision‐making on strategies for speeding up of the degradation process to achieve clean‐up standards in shorter remediation periods.     

pH值对Gigaspora margarita孢子萌发、菌丝生长与聚磷酸盐含量的影响

土壤pH值是影响AM真菌的生理与生态过程的重要因子之一,本试验在培养基上接种Gigasporamargarita的孢子,研究了pH值分别为5.2、6.0和6.8时孢子萌发率、菌丝生长和菌丝中聚磷酸盐(polyP)的含量。结果表明,不同pH条件下的孢子萌发率没有明显差异,培养12d后的萌发率为70%左右;随着pH的升高,菌丝的长度逐渐增加,表明低pH对菌丝的生长有一定的抑制效应;培养12d后,孢子中polyP含量低于菌丝中polyP含量,pH6.0和pH6.8的条件下菌丝中polyP含量明显高于pH5.2的含量,表明低pH也能降低菌丝中的聚磷酸盐含量。认为低pH对菌丝生长和polyP含量的抑制可能是其限制AM真菌功能发挥的重要机制之一。     

How much seed remains in the soil after a fire?

Soil seed banks that persist after a fire are important in fire-prone habitats as they minimise the risk of decline or local extinction in plants, should the fire-free interval be less than the primary juvenile periods of the species. In two common woody plant genera (Acacia and Grevillea) in southeastern Australia, we examined the size and location of the residual seed bank after fire across areas of varying seedling densities at three locations in comparison to the distribution of seeds in the soil at an unburnt site. We found viable dormant seeds remaining in the soil after fire (evidence of residual soil seed bank). A significantly lower proportion of seeds remained in the top 5 cm of soil than at 5–10 cm or 10–15 cm soil depths, independent of seedling density or plant genus. This was due to greater germination, and possibly some seed mortality, near the soil surface. Reduced germination below 5 cm was probably due to the reduced efficacy of the fire cues that break seed dormancy, a declining ability of seeds to emerge successfully from such depths, and the lower abundance of seeds in the soil at such depths. The magnitude of the residual seed bank was similar across 0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm soil depths in Acacia suaveolens. For two Grevillea species, most residual seeds were at 0–5 and 5–10 cm. The residual soil seed bank in the top 10 cm of soil after fire varied across sites with estimates of 0, 19 and 27% in G. speciosa and 23, 35, and 55% in A. suaveolens. At two sites, both species had similar residual seed bank sizes, while at a third, there were large differences between the species (0–55%). The observed patterns imply that the fire-related cues that break seed dormancy generally declined with soil depth. For Acacia, seed dormancy is broken by heat shock, a fire-cue that declines with soil depth. Some 250 species (approx 15% of the fire-prone flora) in the region are thought to have dormancy broken by heat shock. For Grevillea, where seed dormancy is broken by the interaction of smoke and heat shock, at two sites, we suggest three possibilities: (i) the smoke cue declined with soil depth; (ii) both heat and smoke are obligatory for breaking seed dormancy; or (iii) the cues may be independent and additive and below the zone of soil heating, only a proportion of available seeds had dormancy broken by smoke alone. At a third site (no residual seed bank detected) the smoke cue was predicted not to have declined with soil depth. Up to 900 species (just under half the fire-prone flora) in the study region are thought to have seed dormancy broken by the interaction of heat and smoke during the passage of a fire.     

The influence of invasive earthworms on indigenous fauna in ecosystems previously uninhabited by earthworms

Recent studies on earthworm invasion of North American soils report dramatic changes in soil structure, nutrient dynamics and plant communities in ecosystems historically free of earthworms. However, the direct and indirect impacts of earthworm invasions on animals have been largely ignored. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on the impact of earthworm invasion on other soil fauna, vertebrates as well as invertebrates.Earthworm invasions can have positive effects on the abundance of other soil invertebrates, but such effects are often small, transient, and restricted to habitats with harsh climates or a long history of earthworm co-occurrence with other soil invertebrates. Middens and burrows can increase soil heterogeneity and create microhabitats with a larger pore size, high microbial biomass, and microclimates that are attractive to micro- and mesofauna. Under harsh climatic conditions, the aggregates formed by earthworms may increase the stability of soil microclimates. Positive effects can also be seen when comminution and mucus secretion increase the palatability of unpalatable organic material for microorganisms which are the main food of most micro- and mesofaunal groups. For larger invertebrates or small vertebrates, invasive earthworms may become important prey, with the potential to increase resource availability. In the longer-term, the activity of invading earthworms can have a strong negative impact on indigenous faunal groups across multiple trophic levels. Evidence from field and laboratory studies indicates that the restructuring of soil layers, particularly the loss of organic horizons, physical disturbance to the soil, alteration of understory vegetation, and direct competition for food resources, lead directly and indirectly to significant declines in the abundance of soil micro- and mesofauna. Though studies of invasive earthworm impacts on the abundance of larger invertebrates or vertebrates are generally lacking, recent evidence suggests that reduced abundance of small soil fauna and alteration of soil microclimates may be contributing to declines in vertebrate fauna such as terrestrial salamanders. Preliminary evidence also suggests the potential for earthworm invasions to interact with other factors such as soil pollution, to negatively affect vertebrate populations.     

Seedling establishment after endozoochory in disturbed and undisturbed grasslands

Local plant community composition and structure may be largely influenced by germination and seedling establishment from seeds dispersed in animal dung, through seed input, gap creation and nutrient enrichment. With an experimental approach we assessed (1) what the effect is of dung deposition on the number of seedlings in the plant community 3 months and 1 year after dung deposition, (2) what the effect is of this seedling establishment on the local plant community characteristics such as species richness and (3) if this effect interacts with large-scale soil disturbance which removes the close canopy, such as sod-cutting. Viable seeds of monocotylous species were abundantly present in the dung, and dung deposition led to a higher number of monocotylous seedlings after 3 months. However, this effect was no longer significant after 1 year. Moreover, the proportion of viable monocotylous seeds that effectively established in the field after 3 months was less than 5%. A lower number of viable seeds of the less-dominant dicotylous species was dispersed in the dung but they had a higher cover and species richness after 1 year. This resulted in an increased total small-scale species richness and diversity after dung deposition through a decreasing dominance of monocotylous species. Sod-cutting had a pronounced effect on seedling emergence: viable seeds dispersed by dung had a higher probability of successful establishment when the dung was deposited in large gaps. This indicates that an increase of safe sites associated with disturbance strengthens the effects of seed dispersal and gap creation by dung deposition.