Proliferation and Teratogenicity of Aino Virus in Chick Embryos

Aino virus (AIV; JaNAr 28 strain) 10³ TCID₅₀/0.2 ml was inoculated in the yolk sac of 8-day-old chick embryos. Recovery and titration of the virus from various organs including the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle were performed at 2, 4, 7, 10 and 13 days after inoculation (PI). AIV was systemically disseminated and proliferated even 2 days PI. The titers of the recovered virus from the CNS and from skeletal muscle was the highest at 4 days PI and declined with time, whereas hydranencephaly, arthrogryposis and cerebellar hypoplasia developed at 7 days PI and gradually progressed until 13 days PI.     

Constitutively hyposialylated human T-lymphocyte clones in the Tn-syndrome: binding characteristics of plant and animal lectins

Previously, 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient (Tn+) and normal (TF+) T-lymphocyte clones have been established from a patient suffering from Tn-syndrome [Thurnheret al. (1992)Eur J Immunol 22: 1835–42], Tn+ T lymphocytes express only Tn antigen (GalNAc1-O-R) while other O-glycan structures such as sialosyl-Tn (Neu5Ac2,6GalNAc1-O-R) or TF (Gal1-3GalNAc1-O-R) antigens are absent from these cells as shown by flow cytometry using specific mABs for TF and sialosyl-Tn antigen, respectively. Normal T lymphocytes express the TF antigen and derivatives thereof. The surface glycans of Tn+ and TF+ cells were then analysed by flow cytometry using the following sialic acid-binding lectins:Amaranthus caudatus (ACA),Maackia amurensis (MAA),Limax flavus (LFA),Sambucus nigra (SNA) andTriticum vulgare (WGA). Equal and weak binding of MAA and SNA to both TF+ and Tn+ cells was found. WGA, LFA and ACA bound more strongly to TF+ cells than to Tn+ cells. Binding of ACA to TF+ cells was enhanced after sialidase treatment. To investigate the possible biological consequences of hyposialylation, binding of three sialic acid-dependent adhesion molecules to Tn+ and TF+ cells was estimated using radiolabelled Fc-chimeras of sialoadhesin (Sn), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and CD22. Equal and strong binding of human CD22 to both TF+ and Tn+ cells was found. Whereas binding of Sn and MAG to TF+ cells was strong (100%), binding to Tn+ cells amounted only to 33% (Sn) and 19% (MAG). These results indicate that thein vivo interactions of T lymphocytes in the Tn syndrome with CD22 are not likely to be affected, whereas adhesion mediated by Sn or MAG could be strongly reduced.     

The effect of genome and sex on recombination rates in Pennisetum species

The effects of homoeology and sex on recombination frequency were studied in crosses between cultivated pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum, and two wild subspecies, P. violaceum and P. mollissimum. For the two wild x cultivated crosses, reciprocal three-way crosses were made between the F₁ hybrid and an inbred line (Tift 23DB₁). The three-way cross populations were mapped to produce a female map of each wide cross (where the F₁ was the female) and a male map (where the F₁ was the male). Total genetic map lengths of the two inter-subspecies crosses were broadly similar and around 85 % of a comparable intervarietal map. In the P. glaucumxP. mollissimum crosses, the map was further shortened by a large (40 cM) inversion in linkage group 1. Comparison of the recovered recombinants from male and female meiocytes showed an overall trend for the genetic maps to be longer in the male (10%) in both inter-subspecific crosses; however, analysis of individual linkage intervals showed no significant differences. Gametophytic selection was prevalent, and sometimes extreme, for example 121 in favour of wild alleles in the P. glaucumxP. mollissimum male recombinant population. One of the loci which determines panicle type in cultivated pearl millet and wild relatives, H, was mapped 9 cM from Xpsm812 on linkage group 7 in the P. violaceum cross.     

Cryptococcosis as an opportunistic infection in immunodeficiency secondary to paracoccidioidomycosis

We describe the case reports of two patients with immunodeficiency secondary to paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) and opportunistic Cryptococcus neoformans infections. Secondary immunodeficiency likely occurred as a consequence of the intestinal loss of proteins and lymphocytes associated with malabsorption syndrome due to obstructed lymphatic drainage. Both patients had had severe abdominal involvement during the acute PCM disease. Immunological evaluation showed cellular and humoral immunity impairment. Cryptococcosis manifested as relatively well circumscribed lesions: osteolytic lesions of the skull in one patient, and pulmonary nodules in the other. The latter was treated surgically and with amphotericin B, whereas the other was treated with the combination amphotericin-B and flucytosine. Both patients had a good response to treatment with complete regression of the lesions. They have now 2 and 4 years of follow-up with maintenance therapy and no indication of reactivation of the infection. PCM also did not reactivate. The clinical and immunological characteristics of these patients are discussed and compared to the opportunistic C. neoformans infections of AIDS and transplant patients.     

用生物素化重组质粒探针检测产蛋下降综合症病毒核酸

用ＥＤＳ－７６标准毒株感染鸭胚后,提取病毒核酸,经ＰｓｔＩ酶切后,与质粒ｐＴ７／Ｔ３α－１９重组,并转化到大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α中,筛选出一个插入片段为３１８ｂｐ的重组质粒,并命名为ｐＴＥＺＰ３。用生物素标记该重组质粒后,分别对正常鸭胚尿囊液、各地分离的ＥＤＳ毒株和禽类易感的几种病毒进行核酸杂交试验,结果该探针对实验中收到的几种ＥＤＳ分离毒均产生阳性反应,而不与正常鸭胚尿囊液和其它几种禽类病毒交;该探针     

肾综合征出血热人体组织中病毒包涵体的性质及意义的进一步研究

应用免疫组化、原位分子杂交、电镜及免疫电镜等方法进一步对肾综合征出血热人体尸检组织中病毒包涵体（ＩＢ）的抗原、核酸性质和超微结构特点作了进一步观察。结果,在３９例中的２０例尸检病例组织中显示出病毒核蛋白抗原和血凝素抗抗原阳性的ＩＢ,其中包括１６例陕西尸检病例组织中的６例休克期和１例多尿期病例,１７例上海病例中的３例休克期和９例少尿期病例及３例江西病例中的１例休克期病例。ＩＢ主要分布在呼吸道和肺泡、肾远曲小管和集合管、胃肠道、腺垂体、扁桃体、胰腺、前列腺等组织的粘膜上皮和腺上皮细胞及肝细胞和睾丸生精上皮细胞胞浆中,阳性细胞形态基本正常。应用原位分子杂交,可在该组细胞小同时检测到病毒ＲＮＡ,多为胞浆内弥漫阳性,仅少数组织中显示出病毒ＲＮＡ阳性ＩＢ结构。电镜观察阳性组织细胞中出现由大量微丝微管及颗粒样结构组成的ＩＢ结构,其小的病毒颗粒状结构、内质网及纤维丝状结构呈病毒抗原阳性,上述结构位于高尔基体区。结果说明该病毒有感染上皮细胞的特性,对其宿主细胞的致细胞病变作用是极其温和的,且多表现在亚细胞水平。ＩＢ可能是病毒过量表达抗原的堆积或病毒复制部位,而微丝微管结构可能参与病毒的感染过程。     

Daytime rest behavior of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus) mare and foal

Upright and recumbent rest of 15 Welsh pony foals and their mothers was studied over a 2 year period. During their first week of life, the foals spent 32% of the time in recumbent rest. Subsequently, the percentage of time spent in recumbent rest decreased, but was still greater than for the foal's mother by Week 21, when the foals spent 6.5% of their time in recumbent rest. Adults spent little time in recumbent rest. Foals rested upright only 3.5% of the time during their first week of life. Mares rested upright more than foals did to Week 13, at which time peak values for time spent in upright rest occurred for both mares (32.5%) and foals (23%). Subsequently, mares and foals spent equal, but decreasing, amounts of time resting upright. The total time spent resting by the foals decreased gradually, and was characterized by a transition from recumbent rest to upright rest. Foals were more likely to be resting, either recumbent or upright, if their mother was resting upright. During the late spring, summer, and early autumn, mares and foals were most likely to be resting upright between 09:00 and 17:00 h.     

Sleep and cortical temperature in the Djungarian hamster under baseline conditions and after sleep deprivation

The Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) is a markedly photoperiodic rodent which exhibits daily torpor under short photoperiod. Normative data were obtained on vigilance states, electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra (0.25–25.0 Hz), and cortical temperature (T_CRT) under a 168 h light-dark schedule, in 7 Djungarian hamsters for 2 baseline days, 4 h sleep deprivation (SD) and 20 h recovery.During the baseline days total sleep time amounted to 59% of recording time, 67% in the light period and 43% in the dark period. The 4 h SD induced a small increase in the amount of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and a marked increase in EEG slow-wave activity (SWA; mean power density 0.75–4.0 Hz) within NREM sleep in the first hours of recovery. T_CRT was lower in the light period than in the dark period. It decreased at transitions from either waking or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to NREM sleep, and increased at the transition from NREM sleep to waking or REM sleep. After SD, T_CRT was lower in all vigilance states.In conclusion, the sleep-wake pattern, EEG spectrum, and time course of T_CRT in the Djungarian hamster are similar to other nocturnal rodents. Also in the Djungarian hamster the time course of SWA seems to reflect a homeostatically regulated process as was formulated in the two-process model of sleep regulation.Abbreviations EEG electroencephalogram - EMG electromyogram - N NREM sleep - NREM non-rapid eye movement - R REM sleep - REM rapid eye movement - SD sleep deprivation - SWA slow-wave activity - T_CRT cortical temperature - TST total sleep time - VS vigilance state - W waking     

Prevalence of Human Herpesvirus 6 Variants A and B in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 13 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and 13 healthy controls were analyzed for the presence of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA by variant-specific polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridization. HHV-6 DNA was detected in 7 of 13 (53%) patients, and of those 7 patients, 4 were positive for HHV-6 variant A DNA and 3 were for variant B. No HHV-6 DNA was detected in the controls. Serum antibody titers to the late antigen and antibody prevalence to the early antigen of HHV-6 were significantly higher in the patient group. These results suggest active replication of HHV-6 in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.     

Wing dimorphism and the migratory syndrome: Correlated traits for migratory tendency in wing dimorphic insects

The hypothesis that the morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits comprising the migratory syndrome in insects are genetically correlated through pleiotropic effects of genes controlling the titre of a common hormonal determinant is explored. Evidence that juvenile hormone (JH) influences the component traits of the migratory syndrome is presented, and thus JH is assumed to be the underlying, common determinant. However, readers are cautioned that this does not imply that JH is solely responsible for these traits, nor is this necessary for the arguments presented. For wing dimorphic taxa, the “correlated traits hypothesis” predicts covariance within wing morphs between JH titre and the proportion winged. Four simple genetic models for wing-morph determination are considered: single-locus with short-winged (SW) dominant; single-locus with long-winged (LW) dominant; polygenic, fixed threshold, shifting distribution; and polygenic, shifting threshold, fixed distribution. In each case, wing morphology is assumed to be a threshold trait with the liability being JH titre at some critical stage of development. All models predict covariation between %LW and the mean JH titre of at least one of the wing morphs, but the form and direction of the relationship depends critically on the genetic model used. The results suggest that we should expect the traits associated with the migratory syndrome, and hence the trade-offs associated with the evolution of wing dimorphism, to be correlated with proportion winged and, in this sense, to be frequency-dependent.