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51.
A plant's morphology is both strongly influenced by local light availability and, simultaneously, strongly influences this local light availability. This reciprocal relationship is complex, but lies at the heart of understanding plant growth and competition. Here, we develop a sub-individual-based simulation model, cast at the level of interacting plant components. The model explicitly simulates growth, development and competition for light at the level of leaves, branches, etc., located in 3D space. In this way, we are able to explore the manner in which the low-level processes governing plant growth and development give rise to individual-, cohort-, and community-level phenomena. In particular, we show that individual-level trade-offs between growing up and growing out arise naturally in the model, and robustly give rise to cohort-level phenomena such as self-thinning, and community processes such as the effect of ecological disturbance on the maintenance of biodiversity. We conclude with a note on our methodology and how to interpret the results of simulation models such as this one. 相似文献
52.
The pathway to amyloid fibril formation in proteins involves specific structural changes leading to the combination of misfolded intermediates into oligomeric assemblies. Recent NMR studies showed the presence of “turns” in amyloid peptides, indicating that turn formation may play an important role in the nucleation of the intramolecular folding and possible assembly of amyloid. Fully solvated all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the structure and dynamics of the apolipoprotein C-II peptide 56 to 76, associated with the formation of amyloid fibrils. The peptide populated an ensemble of turn structures, stabilized by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions enabling the formation of a strong hydrophobic core which may provide the conditions required to initiate aggregation. Two competing mechanisms discussed in the literature were observed. This has implications in understanding the mechanism of amyloid formation in not only apoC-II and its fragments, but also in other amyloidogenic peptides. 相似文献
53.
Ranked set sampling (RSS) is a sampling procedure that can be considerably more efficient than simple random sampling (SRS). When the variable of interest is binary, ranking of the sample observations can be implemented using the estimated probabilities of success obtained from a logistic regression model developed for the binary variable. The main objective of this study is to use substantial data sets to investigate the application of RSS to estimation of a proportion for a population that is different from the one that provides the logistic regression. Our results indicate that precision in estimation of a population proportion is improved through the use of logistic regression to carry out the RSS ranking and, hence, the sample size required to achieve a desired precision is reduced. Further, the choice and the distribution of covariates in the logistic regression model are not overly crucial for the performance of a balanced RSS procedure. 相似文献
54.
Leg movements of stick insects (Carausius morosus) making turns towards visual targets are examined in detail, and a dynamic model of this behaviour is proposed. Initial results
suggest that front legs shape most of the body trajectory, while the middle and hind legs just follow external forces (Rosano
H, Webb B, in The control of turning in real and simulated stick insects, vol. 4095, pp 145–156, 2006). However, some limitations
of this explanation and dissimilarities in the turning behaviour of the insect and the model were found. A second set of behavioural
experiments was made by blocking front tarsi to further investigate the active role of the other legs for the control of turning.
The results indicate that it is necessary to have different roles for each pair of legs to replicate insect behaviour. We
demonstrate that the rear legs actively rotate the body while the middle legs move sideways tangentially to the hind inner
leg. Furthermore, we show that on average the middle inner and hind outer leg contribute to turning while the middle outer
leg and hind inner leg oppose body rotation. These behavioural results are incorporated into a 3D dynamic robot simulation.
We show that the simulation can now replicate more precisely the turns made by the stick insect.
This work was supported by CONACYT México and the European Commission under project FP6-2003-IST2-004690 SPARK. 相似文献
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57.
A modified Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1), calibrated on a laboratory digester with a feeding mix of 30% weight of cow manure and 70% weight of corn silage, was implemented, showing its performances of simulation as a decision-making and planning-supporting tool for the anaerobic digestion of agricultural substrates. The virtual fermenter obtained was used to conduct simulations with different feeding compositions and loading rates of cow manure, corn silage, grass silage and rape oil. All simulations were started at the same initial state which was represented by a steady state with an organic loading rate of 2.5 kg ODM/(). The effects of the different feeding combinations on biogas composition and biogas yield were predicted reasonably, and partly verified with the available literature data. Results demonstrated that the simulations could be helpful for taking decisions on agricultural biogas plant operation or experimental set-ups, if used advisedly. 相似文献
58.
Given that N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) is a promising alternative for the pretreatment of lignocelluloses, a novel process for ethanol and biogas production from wood was developed. The solvent, NMMO, is concentrated by multistage evaporation, and the wood is pretreated with the concentrated NMMO. Thereafter, ethanol is produced by the non-isothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (NSSF) method, which is a rapid and efficient process. The wastewater is treated by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digester for rapid production of biogas. The process was simulated by Aspen plus®. Using mechanical vapor recompression for evaporators in the pretreatment and multi-pressure distillation columns, the energy requirements for the process were minimized. The economical feasibility of the developed biorefinery for five different plant capacities was studied by Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator. The base case was designed to utilize 200,000 tons of spruce wood per year and required M€ 58.3 as the total capital investment, while the production cost of ethanol is calculated to be €/l 0.44. 相似文献
59.
留学生教育作为高等院校国际化程度的一个重要尺度,已经成为高等教育的重要任务之一。留学生教育质量的高低在留学生教育事业上有着举足轻重的地位。我们体会到,通过采取以下措施,可以提高留学生教学质量:加强师资队伍建设,提高授课教师专业素质;多种教学模式,提高学生学习兴趣;加强师生交流,提高学习热情。 相似文献
60.