岷江上游4个栽培树种细根功能性状垂直分布的差异性

细根(直径≤2 mm)功能性状及垂直分布格局是反映植物对土壤资源吸收策略和影响森林地下生态过程的关键。本研究以岷江上游4个人工林树种连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)、华山松(Pinus armandii)和油松(P.tabuliformis)为对象,调查不同海拔树木细根功能性状及其在不同土层间的垂直分布格局,并分析细根功能性状分布与构型之间的相关关系。结果表明:阔叶树种比针叶树种有更大的根长密度、生物量、比根长和比表面积,而直径反之;4个树种细根集中在0~20 cm土层,根长密度和生物量在较高海拔地段均显著大于较低海拔,且均随土壤深度增加而减少,但比根长、比表面积和直径无显著的海拔差异,随土层加深也无明显的垂直变化规律;针阔树种间的细根构型差异显著,但不受海拔差异的影响,阔叶树的细根分支强度与一级根数量显著大于针叶树种;一级根数和根尖密度与比根长以及分根比与根长密度和生物量均呈显著正相关,而分叉与几个细根功能参数均呈负相关;随着土层深度增加,细根总生长量明显减少,但细根资源利用效率和策略不变;5个细根功能性状的垂直分布格局差异明显,且受树种特性影响显著,细根分支构型对其垂直分布及资源获取策略具有显著影响。     

Length-weight relationships of 10 fish species from the coastal waters of the East China Sea

The present study provides the length-weight relationships (LWRs) for 10 marine fish species collected from the coastal waters of the East China Sea by bottom trawl surveys. The open width of the sampling net was 40 m and the mesh size of the codend was 20 mm. Specimens were collected from November 2015 to November 2019 at seasonal intervals. The measurement accuracy of weight and length were 0.1 grams and 0.1 centimeters, respectively. This study provides new information of LWRs for nine species which have not yet been reported in FishBase. Also, this study updates the information of maximum length for two species.     

Length-weight relationship of 16 fish species from the Negro River basin (Amazonas state,Brazil)

This study aimed to estimate the parameters of length-weight relationship for 16 freshwater fish species that inhabit the Aracá and Demeni Rivers, which are two tributaries of the Negro River (Amazonas state, Brazil). The fishes were sampled using gillnets (15 × 2 m, mesh size 30–120 mm between opposite knots), during 6 days each year, in April 2016, November 2018 and April 2019. The gillnets were placed in the river twice each day; in the morning (5–9 a.m.) and in the evening (5–9 p.m.), with a standardized time of 4 hr. Measurements were taken for standard length (SL – 0.1 cm precision) and total weight (TW – 0.01 g precision). The parameters a and b of the equation W_T = a.L_T^b were estimated. This study also provides new data on of maximum lengths for six species, namely, Argonectes longiceps, Hemiodus atranalis, Chalceus erythrurus, Astrodoras asterifrons, Trachydoras steindachneri and Acarichthys heckelii.     

浙江披山海域主要鱼类时空生态位

依据2015年11月(秋)、2016年2月(冬)、5月(春)、8月(夏)4个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,运用相对重要性指数(IRI)、Shannon指数和Pianka指数对浙江披山海域主要鱼类的时空生态位宽度和重叠进行分析,并结合冗余分析和种间竞争系数研究了主要鱼类间的竞争共存关系及生态位分化。结果表明: 研究期间共采集鉴定鱼类61种,隶属13目29科48属,其中主要鱼类(IRI>100)有19种。绿鳍鱼与丽叶鲹的时间生态位重叠值最高,二者对时间资源利用的同步性最强;孔虾虎鱼与断线舌鳎的空间生态位重叠值和时空生态位重叠值均最高,二者在空间资源序列上的同域性最强,同时,物种对时空二维资源的利用趋于一致。披山海域时空二维生态位显著重叠(Q_ik>0.6)的种对仅占总种对数的5.8%,表明物种时空分布的差异较大,时空生态位重叠受季节变化的影响比较明显,种间竞争系数计测结果与生态位重叠基本一致。冗余分析揭示了主要鱼类与温度、盐度、溶解氧等环境因子之间的关系,进一步解释了物种间的生态位分化。     

北京市珍珠泉乡不同昆虫采集方法采集效果对比分析

为了探究科研调查中不同昆虫采集方法的采集效率差异,在北京珍珠泉乡不同的生境类型中,采用样线法、马氏网法、灯诱法、陷阱法(糖醋液)4种采集方法进行昆虫采集,按生境类型对不同采集方法采集的昆虫进行统计分析.在实验中共采集昆虫3996头,隶属12目87科,其中在昆虫种类数量上,鳞翅目最多,其次是半翅目和鞘翅目;在数量上,半翅目昆虫数量最多,依次是双翅目和鳞翅目.样线法共采集到昆虫61科72种、灯诱法共采集到45科95种、马氏网法共采集到39科41种、陷阱法共采集到14科25种.在调查中,不同方法在不同生境采集昆虫种类数多存在显著差异(P<0.05).不同的采集方式间除马氏网和样线法采集昆虫的种类相似度为中等不相似(q=0.436),其他方法间均为极不相似.采用不同的采集方式可以采集到更多的昆虫种类.马氏网法是最优选的采集方式,马氏网采集昆虫最方便,节省人力;样线法采集的效果最稳定;灯诱法的采集效果好,但是应用较为复杂;糖醋液陷阱法采集昆虫效率对比其他三种方法,既不能采集到大量昆虫也没有采集到特定种昆虫,如无特别需求可以考虑减少或者放弃使用.     

金钱松群落优势种群种间联结及群落稳定性研究

种间联结反映了植物群落中的种间关系和群落稳定程度, 对群落恢复和目标物种的保护具有重要意义。为了解金钱松群落的种间关系及群落稳定性, 采用方差比率法(VR)、x2检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数以及M. Godron稳定性测定等数量分析方法, 对浙江长兴金钱松群落中的18个优势种群、153个种对的种间相关性及群落稳定性进行分析。结果表明: 金钱松群落内的18个优势种群总体联结性呈不显著的正联结, 植物种类累积倒数百分比与累积相对频度交点坐标为(40, 60), 远离稳定交点坐标(20, 80), 说明群落处于不稳定状态。卡方检验表明绝大多数种对之间的联结性均不显著, 只有2个种对存在显著关联。联结系数和共同出现百分率也表明, 群落各种对相关性较弱, 各物种间呈独立分布格局。Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验发现, 金钱松与水竹之间呈显著负相关。结论: 金钱松群落种间关联性弱, 群落处于不稳定阶段。为保护和促进金钱松种群的恢复, 应进行适当的人为干扰和限制竹类植物在群落中的生长。     

Observations on the Staining of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Albert's method, of staining diphtheria cultures consists of staining a fixed smear for one minute (some laboratories stain for five minutes) with a solution containing toluidine blue and malachite (or methyl) green, washing with water, and applying Albert's iodine for one minute. This procedure is discussed and criticized, and in addition the mechanism of the stain is elucidated. Also, the procedure which involves staining a fixed smear for one minute with Loeffler's alkaline methylene blue solution is discussed and criticized.

To overcome the objections to the above staining methods, a different method is proposed. This consists of staining a fixed smear with an acid solution of toluidine blue, washing with water, applying Albert's iodine for one minute, washing with water, and finally applying a safranin solution for 15-20 seconds. The theoretical basis for this method is presented.     

Determination of Mass Transfer Coefficients for A Mixture of Compost,Sugarcane Bagasse,and Granulated Activated Carbon as Packing Medium in Biofilter

ABSTRACT

A laboratory-scale biofilter unit packed with a mixture of compost, sugarcane bagasse, and granulated activated carbon (GAC) in the ratio of 55:30:15 by weight was used for a biofiltration study of air stream containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX). The effect of superficial velocity on mass transfer coefficient for the packing was studied by maintaining gas flow rates of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 L min^?1 for inlet concentrations of 0.1, 0.4, and 0.8 g m^?3 for each of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene. The maximum elimination capacity was found to be 20.92, 22.72, 20.73, and 18.94 g m^?3 h^?1 for BTEX, respectively, for stated flow rates. Removal efficiency of BTEX decreased from 99% to 71% for increasing inlet concentration from 0.1 to 0.8 g m^?3. Gas film mass transfer coefficient predicted by modified Onda's equation was within ±10% of the experimental values.     

Endangered Pinzgauer cattle subtype Jochberger Hummel are genetically distinct

Autochthonous cattle breeds are an important part of cultural heritage and reservoir of genetic diversity. Usually, such breeds have been selected over centuries and reflect adaptation to a specific local environment and human demands. However, owing to low effective population size in conjunction with increased inbreeding and genetic drift, many of these lineages are threatened with extinction. The Jochberger Hummel (‘Jochberger Bumblebee’) is such an endangered subtype of the Pinzgauer cattle originating from a single polled female calf. To evaluate the suspected uniqueness of this subtype and to assess whether it should be kept separate or managed together with the Pinzgauer cattle as one population, I examined the genetic diversity in a set of 844 cattle (Angus, Charolais, Holstein, Jochberger Hummel, Pinzgauer, Uckermaerker and Tux-Zillertaler) using principal component and biogeographical ancestry analysis. The analysis showed that the Jochberger Hummel is still a distinct subtype of Pinzgauer cattle with less than 5% admixture and a low inbreeding coefficient.