大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应

以黑龙江漠河生态站兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,对林外雨、穿透雨和树干茎流进行定位观测,分析大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应.结果表明： 穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占同期降雨总量的76.5%、2.6%和20.9%.降雨发生后,穿透雨与林外雨在产生和终止时间上均存在一定延滞性;随降雨量级增大,穿透雨滞后时间表现出逐渐缩短的趋势,变动范围为（67.8±7.8）～（17.2±3.9） min（穿透雨）和（112.0±38.8）～（48.3±10.6） min（树干茎流）;相同降雨量级下,穿透雨滞后时间随降雨强度增大而逐渐降低,且降雨强度>2 mm·h^-1时延滞时间显著缩短,同时随雨前干燥期的增加而增长,而当雨前干燥期≥48 h时,降雨量则是影响滞后时间的主要因素;降雨终止时,降雨量>5.0 mm,穿透雨终止时间也存在延滞性,且随降雨强度增加而增大,但与雨前干燥期关系不明显;树干茎流终止时间先于林外雨终止时间,且主要与降雨量级有关,降雨量级越小,终止时间越早.     

过表达Sirt2抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的分化

本文旨在利用过表达技术研究Sirt2在猪前体脂肪细胞分化中的作用.首先将Sirt2插入腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV,并与骨架载体pAdEasy-1在大肠杆菌BJ5183中同源重组,重组体用Lipofectamine2000包装转染HEK293细胞系,成功获得重组腺病毒vAd-Sirt2.用vAd-Sirt2感染猪前体脂肪细胞,48h后油红O染色法观察脂肪细胞分化情况,RT-PCR检测脂肪细胞分化标志基因PPARγ和aP2的表达.结果显示,过表达Sirt2促使细胞中脂滴减少,同时标志基因PPARγ、aP2mRNA水平显著降低,说明Sirt2抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化,这为控制猪体脂沉积提供依据以及为人类肥胖和相关疾病的治疗和预防奠定基础.     

松嫩平原旱生芦苇群落土壤呼吸动态及影响因子

为研究松嫩平原旱生芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用的动态变化及其影响因子,于2011年5—10月采用LI-6400土壤呼吸监测系统对旱生芦苇群落土壤呼吸进行连续野外观测,并分析水热因子对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:芦苇群落土壤呼吸具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征;其日变化为明显的单峰曲线,土壤呼吸速率峰值出现在中午11:00—13:00;7和8月芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用最强,10月土壤呼吸作用最弱。影响旱生芦苇群落土壤呼吸的主导因子是温度,土壤呼吸与近地表空气温度以及土壤0～10、10～20、20～30cm温度均有显著相关性(P<0.01),而近地表空气温度和土壤表层温度对土壤呼吸的影响最大。在5—10月芦苇群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值为1.2～1.65,变异系数为15.4%。土壤含水量和近地表空气相对湿度不是影响该地区芦苇群落土壤呼吸的主要因素。     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

以1年生“青龙桑”幼苗为试验材料,研究了中性盐(NaCl)和碱性盐(Na2CO3)胁迫下桑树幼苗的生长和叶片光合特性.结果表明： 盐胁迫明显降低了桑树幼苗的株高、叶片数、生物量和叶片的光合能力.随着Na+浓度的增加,桑树叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、实际光化学效率、电子传递速率和光化学猝灭系数明显降低,过剩光能以非光化学猝灭形式耗散的比例增加,桑树叶片的光能转化效率和光合能力下降.在Na+浓度＜150 mmol·L-1时,桑树幼苗的光合能力和生长受到的抑制较小,通过增加根冠比进一步适应盐胁迫,但这种保护机制随着盐浓度的增加逐渐降低.在Na2CO3胁迫下,＞50 mmol·L-1Na+浓度对桑树的生长和光合能力表现出较强的抑制作用,并随Na+浓度的增加,抑制程度加大.在NaCl＜150 mmol·L-1时,桑树的光合能力主要依赖植株形态和光合代谢双重途径适应中性盐逆境,而在NaCl浓度＞150 mmol·L-1和碱性盐胁迫下,其主要依赖光合代谢来适应逆境.     

海草形态、生长的种间差异及其相关生长关系

海草是海洋沉水高等植物,属典型的根茎克隆植物.根状茎直径和分株重分别是其个体大小的第一、二表征指标,个体大小是海草重要的种间识别特征.对海草6个形态构件指标和18个生长指标的综合分析表明:果实大小、单株叶面积、分株重具有显著的种特异性;分株发出的时间差、水平根状茎分枝率、叶年产量、分株寿命和垂直茎分枝率是海草种特异性最强的5个生长动态指标,海草生长动态的差异主要体现在克隆生长能力强弱和分株生活史长短上;大海草趋于游击型克隆构型,而小海草则趋于密集型,但小海草Cymodocea nodosa例外;大海草基株水平扩展能力较小海草差.海草个体大小与生长特征的相关生长关系表明:随个体的增大,海草在有机构件生长上表现出两相邻叶、相邻分株、相邻节发出的时间差延长,分株、叶、茎寿命延长的特点;在克隆生长水平上表现出根状茎节间长变短、延伸速率降低,分枝率和根状茎上年产分株数降低,分枝角度变小和间隔子增大的趋势;在克隆片段水平上表现为生理整合性增强;在种群层面则表现出生物量增大和种群密度降低的特点.因此,海草个体大小对其形态、生长特征、克隆构型、种群密度和生产力起到了决定作用.大小海草不同的形态、生长动态和克隆构型特征导致它们的生存策略及生态功能也不同,这一点可能对海草场修复基础理论研究具有一定的指示作用.     

不同生态型东南景天对土壤中Cd的生长反应及吸收积累的差异性

 采用盆栽方法研究了两种生态型东南景天(Sedum alfredii)对土壤中不同含量Cd(即对照, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 mg&;#8226;kg^－1)的生 长反应、吸收和积累Cd的差异性。结果表明,土壤添加重金属Cd后,矿山生态型东南景天生长正常,地上部和根系Cd含量随着土壤中Cd含量的 增加而增加,在400 mg&;#8226;kg^－1 Cd处理下含量分别高达2 900和500 mg&;#8226;kg^－1,其地上部显著大于根部;然而,土壤添加Cd后,非矿山生态型东 南景天的生长受到抑制,地上部和根部的生物量显著降低。当土壤Cd含量为50～100 mg&;#8226;kg^－1 时,非矿山生态型东南景天的地上部和根系Cd含 量随着土壤中Cd含量的增加而增加,而且根系Cd含量则大于地上部。当土壤Cd≤50 mg&;#8226;kg^－1时,矿山生态型东南景天根系Cd含量比非矿山生态 型高 ,但当土壤Cd≥100 mg&;#8226;kg^－1,两者之间无显著差异;然而,但在同一Cd处理水平下,矿山生态型东南景天地上部Cd含量总是高于非矿山 生态型。这些结果表明,矿山生态型东南景天有很强的忍耐和吸收土壤Cd的能力,再次证明其为一种Cd超积累植物。     

高寒草原优势种叶片结构变化与生态因子的关系

 为了揭示青藏高原高寒草原优势物种青藏苔草（Carex moorcroftii）和紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）对高原特殊环境的适应性,该文研究了 它们的叶片结构在自然环境梯度下的变化以及这些变化与生态因子之间的关系。结果表明：这两个物种叶片的大多数结构特征在各个样地间变 化显著,其结构特征与环境因子间存在显著的相关关系。紫花针茅叶肉细胞大小随土壤有效K含量的增高而减小,下表皮细胞厚度和韧皮部面积 随生长季云盖度的增高而增加,单一导管半径和导管平均面积随生长季月均湿度的增加而增大;青藏苔草上表皮细胞厚度随生长季月均最低温 的降低而增厚,泡状细胞厚度（径向直径）随大陆度的增强而增加,上表皮细胞大小随土壤pH值的增大而增大,导管总数和韧皮部面积随土壤 速效P含量的增高而增加。青藏苔草的保护组织、光合组织以及综合指标变异系数明显大于紫花针茅,仅维管组织指标变异系数小于紫花针茅。     

猪IGF2基因外显子3的遗传多态性及遗传效应分析

采用PCR-SSCP方法检测猪胰岛素样生长因子2 (insulin-like growth factor 2,IGF2)基因外显子3多态性,分析其对初生重、断奶重、6月龄重和背膘厚的遗传效应.根据猪IGF2基因的DNA序列（AY044828）设计引物,结果在其扩增片段上检测到多态性,对纯合子进行测序,发现IGF2-ex3-A36T和IGF2-ex3-G109A两个多态性位点,并且这2个多态性位点完全连锁,检测到3种基因型（A36A/G109G,A36T/G109A 和 T36T/A109A）.统计结果表明,基因型在各品种中分布不一致,长白猪和大白猪与莱芜猪、大薄莲猪、沂蒙黑猪和里岔黑猪比较基因型分布差异极显著（Ｐ<0.01）;其它猪种间基因型分布差异均不显著（Ｐ>0.05）.固定效应模型分析结果表明,初生重和背膘厚基因型间差异显著（Ｐ<0.05）,而断奶重和6月龄重基因型间差异不显著（Ｐ>0.05）.最小二乘分析结果表明,A36A/G109G基因型个体同A36T/G109A和 T36T/A109A基因型个体比较初生重和背膘厚的差异显著（Ｐ<0.05）,3种基因型初生重的大小排列顺序为A36A/G109G < A36T/G109A < T36T/A109A,背膘厚的大小排列顺序为A36A/G109G > A36T/G109A >T36T/A109A.因此,推测IGF2基因对个体的初生重和胴体瘦肉率存在一定的影响,将IGF2基因应用于猪育种过程中的标记辅助选择,将可以改善猪肉品质,加快猪的育种进程.     

Mesostructure and activity of photosynthetic apparatus for three crassulacean species grown in cold climate

A comparative study of leaf anatomy and morphology and of CO₂ exchange was conducted with Rhodiola rosea L., Hylotelephium triphyllum (Haw.) Holub., and Sedum acre L. as representative Crassulacean species occurring in the northeast European Russia. The leaf mesophyll in R. rosea was clearly differentiated into the palisade and spongy tissues, whereas the mesophyll of stonecrops (H. triphyllum and S. acre) was composed of round-shaped cells. The leaves of S. acre featured the largest volume of mesophyll cells and possessed water-retaining cells located around conducting bundles. The chloroplast volume in S. acre (50 μm³) was three times smaller and the number of chloroplasts per cell (170 cell^?1) was three times higher than in R. rosea and H. triphyllum (50–55 cell^?1). The content of chlorophylls (5–7 mg/g dry wt) and carotenoids (1.5–2.0 mg/g dry wt) in R. rosea leaves was 2–3 times higher than in leaves of stonecrops. The rate of CO₂ net uptake in Crassulacean species depended on mesostructure and correlated with the content of pigments and soluble carbohydrates. The photosynthetic rate in R. rosea under optimal irradiance and temperature attained the value of 40 mg/(g dry wt), which is 3 and 8 times higher than in H. triphyllum and S. acre, respectively. The temperature optimum for photosynthesis of R. rosea was observed at 8–18°C, while the optimum for stonecrops was shifted towards higher temperatures by 3–5°C. At chilling temperatures (5–7°C), the leaves of R. rosea retained 50% of their maximal photosynthetic rate, while photosynthetic rates in H. triphyllum and S. acre leaves lowered to 25–30% of the maximal rate. The increase in temperature to 25–30°C led to depression of CO₂ net uptake in leaves of Crassulacean species. In R. rosea and H. triphyllum, the rate of photosynthetic electron flow was depressed at high irradiances and temperatures that were supraoptimal for net photosynthesis. It is concluded that the photosynthetic apparatus of Crassulacean species is well adapted to moderate and chilling temperatures, which adjusts the plant metabolism to “life strategies” under conditions of cold climate.     

Effect of solar radiation (UV and visible) at high altitude on CAM‐cycling and phenolic compound biosynthesis in Sedum album

The field experiment was carried out in order to compare the response of a CAM plant, Sedum album L., to solar radiation at a high altitude (2 100 m) with that at a low altitude location with respect to CAM and phenolic content. Treatment sites included (1) sun‐exposed, low altitude, (2) sun‐exposed, high altitude with different light treatments, including UV‐B and UV‐B + A screening, and (3) shade at high altitude. After a 70‐day treatment period, CAM‐cycling and phenolic compound content were analysed, and high altitude treatments were compared to the low altitude control. The sun‐exposed low altitude control was characterized by CAM‐cycling and a low phenolic compound content during the experiment. In plants transplanted to the high altitude, only the shaded group maintained a CAM‐cycling and a phenolic compound content similar to those of the sun‐exposed low altitude control. Samples under UV‐B and UV‐B + A filters showed similar responses, suggesting the absence of a specific UV‐A radiation effect. The screening of UV‐B or UV‐B + A radiation allowed plants to partially maintain a CAM‐cycling and induced a decrease in phenolic compound content. These responses under UV filters were, however, intermediate between those observed in sun‐exposed and shaded groups. These results demonstrate a specific effect of radiation from both visible (400–800 nm) and UV‐B (280–320 nm) bands on both CAM‐cycling and phenolic biosynthesis in S. album L. plants. These light‐dependent effects are discussed on a physiological basis and a possible interaction between CAM‐cycling and phenolic metabolism is suggested.