水杨酸和茉莉酸甲酯对丹参幼苗叶片显微结构、光合及非结构糖积累的影响

研究了水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)幼苗叶片显微结构、叶片光合能力及幼苗中非结构糖积累的影响.结果显示:SA处理增加了丹参幼苗叶片气孔密度;叶肉细胞排列紧密、体积减小,叶肉细胞内叶绿体数目减少,但叶绿体体积增大,叶绿体基粒片层结构的数目增加;叶片中叶绿素a、b含量、叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及净光合速率均增加;同时,幼苗根中和叶片中酸性转化酶活性降低,幼苗地上部分蔗糖含量及可溶性糖总量显著高于对照.MeJA处理减少了叶片气孔密度,气孔发育畸形;叶肉细胞间隙增大,栅栏细胞层数减少,叶肉细胞内叶绿体数目减少,叶绿体体积减小,叶绿体基粒片层结构被破坏;叶片中叶绿素a及类胡萝卜素含量、叶片的净光合速率低于对照,叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率增强;同时,幼苗根中及叶中酸性转化酶活性增加,幼苗根中蔗糖含量及可溶性糖总量显著低于对照.可见,SA处理能促进植物叶片显微结构发育,增强叶片光合能力,抑制蔗糖降解并促进蔗糖积累;而MeJA处理则破坏了植物叶片显微结构,降低了叶片光合能力,促进了蔗糖降解并减少蔗糖积累.     

河南鼠尾草抑制体内外α-糖苷酶活性研究

本文采用96微孔板法,首次对河南鼠尾草抑制酵母和大鼠小肠α-葡萄糖苷酶活性进行研究。河南鼠尾草乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=28.73μg/mL)和正丁醇提取物(IC50=73.90μg/mL)抑制酵母α-葡萄糖苷酶活性远高于阳性对照Acarbose(IC50=1081.27μg/mL),但只有乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=366.79μg/mL)具有抑制大鼠小肠α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,阳性对照Acarbose未检测出其IC50。结果表明,河南鼠尾草乙酸乙酯提取物和正丁醇提取物均具有较好的酵母α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,但只有乙酸乙酯提取物具有良好的大鼠小肠α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。     

High Diversity of Indigenous Populations of Dalmatian Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) in Essential‐Oil Composition

Essential oils of 25 indigenous populations of Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) that represent nearly half of native distribution area of the species were analyzed. Plantlets collected from wild populations were grown in the same field under the same environmental conditions and then sampled for essential‐oil analysis. The yield of essential oil ranged from 1.93 to 3.70% with average of 2.83%. Among the 62 compounds detected, eight (cis‐thujone, camphor, trans‐thujone, 1,8‐cineole, β‐pinene, camphene, borneol, and bornyl acetate) formed 78.13–87.33% of essential oils of individual populations. Strong positive correlations were observed between camphor and β‐pinene, β‐pinene and borneol, as well as between borneol and bornyl acetate. The strongest negative correlation was detected between camphor and trans‐thujone. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the basis of eight main compounds showed that first main component separated populations with high thujone content, from those rich in camphor, while the second component separated populations rich in cis‐thujone from those rich in trans‐thujone. Cluster analysis (CA) led to the identification of three chemotypes of S. officinalis populations: cis‐thujone; trans‐tujone, and camphor/β‐pinene/borneol/bornyl acetate. We propose that differences in essential oils of 25 populations are mostly genetically controlled, since potential environmental factors were controlled in this study.     

不同品种和生长年限对丹参产量及有效成分积累动态的影响

同时提高丹参经济产量(根系干重)及有效成分积累是当前丹参栽培的热点及难点。通过不同品种和生长年限丹参的田间小区栽培试验,测定不同采收期丹参根系干重,脂溶性成分含量(丹参酮I,隐丹参酮和丹参酮IIA)和水溶性成分含量(原儿茶醛,原儿茶酸,丹酚酸B和迷迭香酸),研究品种、生长年限、采收期对丹参经济产量和有效成分积累的影响,以期为丹参规范化种植提供依据。无论从经济产量,还是脂溶性成分和水溶性成分产量(根系产量×含量),两年生丹参均优于第一年生。丹参脂溶性成分含量在9月份达到最高,而水溶性成分含量除迷迭香酸外在11月份达到最高值。由于收获前丹参根系的快速生长,无论是水溶性还是脂溶性成分,其有效成分产量均在收获期(11月4日)达到最高。不同品种丹参品种的经济产量及有效成分存在较大差异,生产中应有针对性的选择丹参品种。     

丹参咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶基因(SmCOMT1)的克隆及其分析

依据丹参转录组数据库得到的咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶基因序列设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法从丹参分离得到一个新的COMT基因,命名为SmCOMT1(GenBank注册号为JF693491）。该基因cDNA全长1 158 bp,包含一个长为1 095 bp的开放阅读框,编码364个氨基酸。SmCOMT1 gDNA序列长2 275 bp,包含4个外显子和3个内含子。序列分析结果表明,SmCOMT1编码的多肽具有COMT的序列保守元件,与同科植物罗勒COMT编码的多肽高度同源,同源性达到89%。系统进化树分析表明,SmCOMT1与双子叶植物的COMT亲缘关系较近。qRT-PCR结果表明,SmCOMT1基因在丹参不同组织器官中差异表达,其中茎中的表达量最高,并且其表达受茉莉酸甲酯和病原菌的诱导,显示SmCOMT1基因可能在植物防御反应中发挥作用。     

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Laurus nobilis, Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus sempervirens ssp. pyramidalis, Pistacia palaestina, Salvia officinalis, and Satureja thymbra was determined by GC/MS analysis. Essential oils have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV and HSV-1 replication in vitro by visually scoring of the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect post-infection. L. nobilis oil exerted an interesting activity against SARS-CoV with an IC(50) value of 120 microg/ml and a selectivity index (SI) of 4.16. This oil was characterized by the presence of beta-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, and beta-pinene as the main constituents. J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus oil, in which alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene were the major constituents, revealed antiviral activity against HSV-1 with an IC(50) value of 200 microg/ml and a SI of 5.     

Antioxidant activity of extracts from leaves and roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, S. przewalskii Maxim., and S. verticillata L

Three Salvia species have been studied for antioxidant activity in methanol extracts from roots and leaves. The presence of the polyphenols and tanshinones was screened by HPLC and spectrophotometric assays and related to the antioxidant potential. The antioxidant capacity of the studied species is high, but differences between species and organs have been also revealed. Salvia przewalskii leaf extract was the strongest one in all tests, followed by Salvia miltiorrhiza root and Salvia verticillata leaf. Among the roots, the most active was S. miltiorrhiza extract, followed by S. verticillata. The antioxidant activity correlates to the total polyphenol and, depending on the assay, to the hydroxycinnamic acids content. The high content of tanshinones in both S. miltiorrhiza and S. przewalskii roots is unlikely to contribute to the antioxidant activity.     

连作对丹参生长的障碍效应

通过对1～4年不同连作年限地块丹参生长发育情况进行的连续调查分析,结果表明,连作严重危害丹参生长,主要表现在6～9月,丹参生长期的枯苗率大幅度上升,地上、地下部生长量下降,根系数量、直径和长度减小,产世降低。同时由于有效成分含量降低,根系外观畸形,造成商品率下降,从而影响丹参质量。通过对土壤pH测定发现．丹参连作障碍可能与土壤酸性增加有关。