Impacts of light and temperature on shoot branching gradient and expression of strigolactone synthesis and signalling genes in rose

Light and temperature are two environmental factors that deeply affect bud outgrowth. However, little is known about their impact on the bud burst gradient along a stem and their interactions with the molecular mechanisms of bud burst control. We investigated this question in two acrotonic rose cultivars. We demonstrated that the darkening of distal buds or exposure to cold (5 °C) prior to transfer to mild temperatures (20 °C) both repress acrotony, allowing the burst of quiescent medial and proximal buds. We sequenced the strigolactone pathway MAX‐homologous genes in rose and studied their expression in buds and internodes along the stem. Only expressions of RwMAX1, RwMAX2 and RwMAX4 were detected. Darkening of the distal part of the shoot triggered a strong increase of RwMAX2 expression in darkened buds and bark‐phloem samples, whereas it suppressed the acropetal gradient of the expression of RwMAX1 observed in stems fully exposed to light. Cold treatment induced an acropetal gradient of expression of RwMAX1 in internodes and of RwMAX2 in buds along the stem. Our results suggest that the bud burst gradient along the stem cannot be explained by a gradient of expression of RwMAX genes but rather by their local level of expression at each individual position.     

Boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan‐II,monitored by gel electrophoresis,occurs during polysaccharide synthesis and secretion but not post‐secretion

The cell‐wall pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan‐II (RG‐II) is cross‐linked via borate diester bridges, which influence the expansion, thickness and porosity of the wall. Previously, little was known about the mechanism or subcellular site of this cross‐linking. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to separate monomeric from dimeric (boron‐bridged) RG‐II, we confirmed that Pb²⁺ promotes H₃BO₃‐dependent dimerisation in vitro. H₃BO₃ concentrations as high as 50 mm did not prevent cross‐linking. For in‐vivo experiments, we successfully cultured ‘Paul's Scarlet’ rose (Rosa sp.) cells in boron‐free medium: their wall‐bound pectin contained monomeric RG‐II domains but no detectable dimers. Thus pectins containing RG‐II domains can be held in the wall other than via boron bridges. Re‐addition of H₃BO₃ to 3.3 μm triggered a gradual appearance of RG‐II dimer over 24 h but without detectable loss of existing monomers, suggesting that only newly synthesised RG‐II was amenable to boron bridging. In agreement with this, Rosa cultures whose polysaccharide biosynthetic machinery had been compromised (by carbon starvation, respiratory inhibitors, anaerobiosis, freezing or boiling) lost the ability to generate RG‐II dimers. We conclude that RG‐II normally becomes boron‐bridged during synthesis or secretion but not post‐secretion. Supporting this conclusion, exogenous [³H]RG‐II was neither dimerised in the medium nor cross‐linked to existing wall‐associated RG‐II domains when added to Rosa cultures. In conclusion, in cultured Rosa cells RG‐II domains have a brief window of opportunity for boron‐bridging intraprotoplasmically or during secretion, but secretion into the apoplast is a point of no return beyond which additional boron‐bridging does not readily occur.     

Glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides from Rosa cell cultures are boron‐bridged in the plasma membrane and form complexes with rhamnogalacturonan II

Boron (B) is essential for plant cell‐wall structure and membrane functions. Compared with its role in cross‐linking the pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan II (RG‐II), little information is known about the biological role of B in membranes. Here, we investigated the involvement of glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs), major components of lipid rafts, in the membrane requirement for B. Using thin‐layer chromatography and mass spectrometry, we first characterized GIPCs from Rosa cell culture. The major GIPC has one hexose residue, one hexuronic acid residue, inositol phosphate, and a ceramide moiety with a C₁₈ trihydroxylated mono‐unsaturated long‐chain base and a C₂₄ monohydroxylated saturated fatty acid. Disrupting B bridging (by B starvation in vivo or by treatment with cold dilute HCl or with excess borate in vitro) enhanced the GIPCs' extractability. As RG‐II is the main B‐binding site in plants, we investigated whether it could form a B‐centred complex with GIPCs. Using high‐voltage paper electrophoresis, we showed that addition of GIPCs decreased the electrophoretic mobility of radiolabelled RG‐II, suggesting formation of a GIPC–B–RG‐II complex. Last, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we showed that added GIPCs facilitate RG‐II dimerization in vitro. We conclude that B plays a structural role in the plasma membrane. The disruption of membrane components by high borate may account for the phytotoxicity of excess B. Moreover, the in‐vitro formation of a GIPC–B–RG‐II complex gives the first molecular explanation of the wall–membrane attachment sites observed in vivo. Finally, our results suggest a role for GIPCs in the RG‐II dimerization process.     

北京城区夏、秋季节短期增温对月季暗呼吸及光合参数的影响

与光呼吸不同,光对植物叶片暗呼吸具有明显抑制作用。目前,植物叶片这一生理生态现象很少受到关注,但光抑制呼吸会导致叶片日间碳损失,对植物碳平衡有重要影响。利用Li-6400(Li-Cor,USA)光合仪模拟北京城区夏、秋季增温对月季(Rosa chinensis)叶片暗呼吸及光合参数的影响。结果表明:(1)短期增温处理显著提高了蒸腾速率(Tr),降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci),夏季增温时气孔导度(Gs)降低而秋季增温明显升高。(2)夏季增温5℃,有光暗呼吸(RL)显著高于增温2℃(P0.05),而增温2℃对RL影响不显著(P0.05);秋季增温5℃,RL显著高于增温3℃(P0.05)。4个不同短期增温处理都对无光暗呼吸(RD)影响显著(P0.05)。(3)秋季增温5℃对光抑制呼吸影响显著(P0.05);其它3个短期增温影响不显著(P0.05)。(4)秋季增温5℃,月季暗呼吸对增温敏感性显著高于增温3℃的值(P0.05)。目的为分析城市白昼气温上升导致植物叶片碳损失估计提供实验案例,是提高城市植物碳汇生态服务功能可能途径的基础。     

4种蔷薇属植物叶片黄酮含量的季节性变化

采用ＨＰＬＣ法对刺梨（Ｒｏｓａ ｒｏｘｂｕｒｇｈｉｉ Ｔｒａｔｔ．）等４种蔷薇属植物在不同生长季节叶片的总黄酮甙含量和甙元配比进行了分析测定。结果表明,不同采摘期的华西蔷薇（Ｒ．ｍｏｙｅｓｉｉ Ｈｅｍｓｌ．ｅｔ Ｗｉｌｓ．）绣球蔷薇（Ｒ．ｇｉｏｍｅｒａｔａ Ｒｅｈｄ．ｅ Ｗｉｌｓ．）和峨嵋蔷薇（Ｒ．ｏｍｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｒｏｌｆｅ）的叶片总黄酮甙含量有较大的差异,一般在展叶期黄酮含量较低,随后叶片黄     

月季切花衰老过程中多胺与乙烯的关系

月季切花瓶插过程中,内源腐胺在前2天略有增加,内源亚精胺、精胺、多胺总量则呈下降趋势,乙烯释放速率在第3天达到最高峰;多胺抑制剂甲基乙醛-双咪腙处理抑制了亚精胺、精胺的合成,增加了乙烯的释放速率;乙烯抑制剂氨氧乙酸处理推迟腐胺高峰的到来,降低了乙烯的释放速率,而且在瓶插期的前2天内源亚精胺、精胺含量较高。结果表明,具乙烯跃变型特征的月季切花衰老过程中,多胺与乙烯在其生物合成过程中相互竞争S-腺苷甲硫氨酸作为其合成的前体。     

云南新植物

发表天南星属(天南星科)一新种苍山南星Arisaema cangshanense X.D.Dong,通泉草一新变种,白花通泉草Mazus japonica(Thunb.)O, Kuntze var.leucanthus X.D.Dong和光叶蔷薇一新变种,重瓣光叶蔷薇Rosa wichuraiana Crep.var.multipetala X.D.Dong     

Plant regeneration from Bulgarian rose callus

Plant regeneration capacity of Bulgarian rose callus tissue was examined. Adventitious bud formation could be successfully attained, depending on the kinds of mineral salts used in the medium, auxin and cytokinin used. When callus tissues were cultured on the medium without ammonium nitrate and contained indoleacetic acid and benzyladenine, buds were formed in the callus. The number of buds were significantly increased by the simultaneous addition of calcium ionophore. When the cultures were transferred to the medium without cytokinin, roots were formed in the basal part of the buds.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - IAA indoleacetic acid - K kinetin - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid