The effects of elevated CO2 (0.5%) on chloroplasts in the tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

Some ploidy plants demonstrate environmental stress tolerance. Tetraploid (4×) black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) exhibits less chlorosis in response to high CO₂ than do the corresponding diploid (2×) plants of this species. We investigated the plant growth, anatomy, photosynthetic ability, chlorophyll (chl) fluorescence, and antioxidase activities in 2× and 4× black locusts cultivated under high CO₂ (0.5%). Elevated CO₂ (0.5%) induced a global decrease in the contents of total chl, chl a, and chl b in 2× leaves, while few changes were found in the chl content of 4× leaves. Analyses of the chl fluorescence intensity, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm), K‐step (V_k), and J‐step (V_J) revealed that 0.5% CO₂ had a negative effect on the photosynthetic capacity and growth of the 2× plants, especially the performance of PSII. In contrast, there was no significant effect of high CO₂ on the growth of the 4× plants. These analyses indicate that the decreased inhibition of the growth of 4× plants by high CO₂ (0.5%) may be attributed to an improved photosynthetic capacity, pigment content, and ultrastructure of the chloroplast compared to 2× plants.     

黄土高原不同林龄刺槐林碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

以黄土高原幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林(分别为5～10、11～15、21～30年生)刺槐人工林为对象,研究刺槐根、茎、叶、枯落物的碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征及其相互关系.结果表明: 不同林龄刺槐林各组分的碳、氮、磷含量分别为376.74～486.67、8.66～29.70和0.79～1.95g·kg^-1,刺槐各组分碳含量变异较小,磷含量变异较大.中龄林碳含量较高,成熟林氮、磷含量较高.不同组分间叶碳、氮、磷含量较高,茎的氮含量较低.不同林龄刺槐林各组分的C/N、C/P和N/P分别为15.74～53.40、242.47～606.39和8.10～20.57;中龄林和幼龄林中茎C/N、C/P和N/P显著高于成熟林,不同组分间茎C/N、C/P较高,叶C/N、C/P较低.刺槐叶片和根的碳氮磷含量间不存在相关关系,枯落物与茎的氮含量和磷含量间存在显著相关关系,反映出枯落物和茎的建成过程中对氮磷按比例投入的依赖.与全球尺度相比,黄土高原人工刺槐林具有较高的储碳能力,氮含量丰富,而磷相对缺乏,成为刺槐人工林生长的主要限制因子.     

刺槐内生真菌群落组成及其生态功能结构分析

基于高通量测序方法对贵州贵阳花溪刺槐内生真菌物种多样性进行分析,共获得有效序列43 942条,聚类后共获得81个可操作单元（OTUs）,分属4门13纲27目45科58属。其中,优势属为一分类地位未定属,其相对丰度为83.23%,次优势属为镰刀菌属 Fusarium（11.81%） 、拟船壳属 Gloniopsis（1.38%）和螺旋聚孢霉属 Clonostachys（0.72%）,相对丰度小于0.5%的属高达50个以上。Shannon-Wiener指数为0.6835,Simpson指数为0.7071。经FUNGuild软件平台解析显示,刺槐内生菌包含有如下生态功能群：植物病原菌、动物病原菌、内生真菌、真菌寄生菌、地衣真菌、粪生真菌、未定腐生菌和木腐菌等。     

与变化光环境关联的刺槐光合气体交换和复叶运动

在夏季的晴天阳生叶和阴生叶方位角和方向角的日变化均很小,但是叶片的中脉角存在显著的日变化差异,这种叶片垂直方向上的显著运动与躲避中午的强光胁迫有关.而在阴天,阳生叶和阴生叶方位角、方向角和中脉角的日变化均很小.这说明变化的光环境是引起刺槐复叶运动的主要原因,而节律性运动不是刺槐复叶运动的诱导因素.机械固定叶片的控制实验显示:机械固定叶片的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著低于对照叶片,而机械固定叶片温度明显高于对照叶片,这可能是由于机械固定叶片和对照叶片两者在光辐射接受量上的差异造成的.光诱导下的刺槐复叶运动是植株维持最佳生理状态的形态调节表现.     

人工林地浑水入渗性能与通用入渗模型

采用双环法 ,通过 130场田间的浑水与清水入渗对比试验 ,对两种土壤质地的刺槐、侧柏人工林地的浑水入渗性能进行了研究。结果表明 ,含沙径流——浑水可显著削弱人工林地土壤的入渗性能 ,降低天然降水与土壤水的转换能力及人工林涵养水源的作用 ,其削减能力随着入渗水流含沙量、泥沙中小于 0 .0 1mm物理性粘粒含量的增加或入渗历时的延长而增大 ,并受到土壤质地的强烈影响。在土壤质地相同条件下 ,人工林地浑水的入渗能力随人工林树种的不同而异。刺槐林地土壤入渗能力大于侧柏林地 ;与相同立地退耕还林后仅 1a的新造林地相比较 ,退耕还林后 13a生的侧柏林地 ,土壤浑水入渗和清水入渗能力均减小 ;但退耕还林后 13a生的刺槐林地 ,清水入渗能力明显增强 ,浑水入渗能力因入渗水流特性不同而异。通过 L evenberg-Marquardt非线性参数拟合 ,求得了两种土壤质地条件下 ,3种林分积水型浑水与清水入渗的通用模型。该模型既可用于清水入渗预报 ,又可用于不同含沙量和泥沙粒度组成浑水入渗能力的预测     

滨海盐碱地刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)混交林土壤水盐动态

以固氮树种刺槐与绒毛白蜡、榆树、臭椿三树种的混交林及其纯林为研究对象,研究了刺槐与不同树种混交对土壤水分、盐分年动态变化的影响。研究结果表明：（1）刺槐与3个树种混交,刺槐臭椿混交林生长最好,均高于各自纯林。（2）混交林一定程度改善了土壤含水量及层次分布,土壤含水量整体趋势均表现出0～60 cm表层土中含水量高于各自纯林,而深层土壤含水量低的特点,只有8月份纯林和混交林的土壤含水量没有显著差别。不同树种在具体层次上略有差异;（3）混交林降低了土壤含盐量,改变了土壤盐分层次分布和年变化规律。不同月份间土壤含盐量随土壤深度、混交树种的变化而变化。深层土壤含盐量高,表层土壤含盐量低,混交林含盐量低于纯林且存在树种差异。混交林与纯林含盐量均雨季低,旱季高;但在某一具体月份各层次含盐量差别不大;不同土层含水量、含盐量与天然降水之间有明显的相关性,天然降水是混交林及纯林土壤水分的主要来源。     

Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency of Platycladus Orientalis and Robinia Pseudoacacia Saplings under Steady Soil Water Stress during Different Stages of Their Annual Growth Period

A simulated drought experiment was conducted in a rain-free shed to test the physiological response of Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia saplings to steady soil water stress during different stages. The five soil water treatments were： 100%, 87.84%, 70%, 52.16% and 40% of field capacity. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of R. pseudoacacia decreased as soil water potential decreased in the range between -0.041 MPa and -0.292 MPa. The threshold value at which the net photosynthetic rate changed significantly was -0.12 MPa. The relationship between net photosynthetic rate of P. orientalis and soil water potential could be described as a quadratic parabola in the range between -0.041 MPa and -0.648 MPa. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in the net photosynthetic rate of P. orientalis between soil water potentials of -0.061 MPa ~, -0.648 MPa. Average water use efficiency （WUE） increased as soil water potential decreased, but the influence mechanism of soil water stress on leaf WUE and photosynthetic rate for the two species were different evidently.     

不同隔盐措施对滨海盐碱地土壤水盐运移及刺槐光合特性的影响

土地盐碱化是限制土地资源利用的一个主要障碍,在耕地面积逐渐减少的今天,改良利用盐碱地早已提上了科学日程。在天津滨海盐碱地区,通过田间完全随机区组实验设计,对比分析了4种土壤盐分隔离措施(对照-不设隔盐处理,CK;沸石隔盐处理,FS;陶粒隔盐处理,TL;河沙隔盐处理,HS)对0—80 cm土层水盐运移及刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)光合特性的影响,目的是通过评估不同隔盐材料的控盐改土效果,为滨海地区盐渍土改良和沿海防护林营造等林业生态工程建设提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)FS和TL可以显著提高土壤相对水分含量,为刺槐生长创造更加适宜的水分环境。FS导致0—80 cm土体内盐分含量和土壤盐溶质浓度显著降低,控盐效果显著。TL仅在40 cm以下土层有显著降盐效果,控盐效果仅次于FS。与对照相比,HS对0—80 cm土体内盐分含量和土壤盐溶质浓度无显著影响,降盐效果最差。(2)FS处理能显著提高刺槐的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)及叶片水分利用效率(LWUE),降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci)。TL可显著提高刺槐叶片的Pn、Tr,但改善效果不及FS,并且其对Gs、Ci和LWUE没有显著影响。与对照相比,HS虽然能显著增加刺槐叶片Pn和Tr,但却导致LWUE显著降低。综上所述,在滨海地区采用沸石作为隔盐材料比采用传统材料河沙更能有效保水降盐,促进植物光合及生长,可以作为滨海盐碱地区隔盐材料的优先选择。     

黄土高原南北样带刺槐林土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征

为了解黄土高原南北样带刺槐林土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征,采集了黄土高原南北样带上12个典型样点的刺槐林土壤,测定了土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量并分析其生态化学计量特征。结果表明：刺槐林土壤SOC、TN、TP含量均随降水量降低而降低,且土壤SOC与TN的空间变化具有一致性;土壤SOC、TN、TP及其生态化学计量比与降雨量呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,且TN、C：P、N：P与土壤含水量也呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）。     

Lipids and lipolytic enzymes in the trunkwood ofRobinia pseudoacacia L. during heartwood formation

The radial distribution of membrane and storage lipids was determined in the trunkwood ofRobinia pseudoacacia L. The trees were felled in November at the time of heartwood formation and fluctuations in the amount and composition of phospholipids, free sterols, steryl esters, diand triacylglycerols, and free fatty acids were investigated across the sapwood-heartwood boundary. The individual compounds were identified and quantified by thin layer chromatography, enzymatic and colorimetric assays, and by capillary gas chromatography. Phospholipids show a significant decrease towards the boundary area, and in the heartwood only trace amounts can be detected. The same pattern is observed for free sterols in the sapwood; in the heartwood, however, they reach maximum values with increasing depth of the trunk. Steryl esters exhibit a complementary behaviour by accumulating at the periphery of the heartwood. No concentration changes are found in the total amounts of diacylglycerols and free fatty acids. In contrast, the triacylglycerol concentration declines steadily across the trunk. With regard to qualitative composition, free fatty acids and the fatty acid moieties of the esterified constituents vary in their chain length from 14 to 24 carbon atoms and have up to three double bonds. A radial gradient in the ratio saturated/unsaturated fatty acids can be observed: except for the phospholipid fraction the relative amounts of unsaturated fatty acids increase in centripetal direction. Seven phospholipids were identified: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid, which constitutes the major proportion. In the sterol group, sitosterol is the most abundant component. The composition of the esterified sterols remains constant across the trunk cross-section, whereas the relative frequencies of individual free sterols change markedly.