Competition for Resources and Its Behavioral Consequences Among Female Primates

Via the current model on the evolutionary ecology of female social relationships, Sterck et al. (1997) argue that ecological conditions determine how competition over food resources affects female fitness. The relative importance of different modes of competition then affects female social relationships and dispersal patterns. I outline the model and review relevant data. There are 3 modes of feeding competition: within-group scramble (WGS), within-group contest (WGC), and between-group contest (BGC), which occur in various combinations in different populations of nonhuman primates. Ecological measures support predictions that limiting resources lead to WGS and clumped resources induce WGC. The ecological basis of BGC remains elusive, but it is probably linked to resource abundance. Tests of the proxies of feeding competition support the idea that short-term search substrates and increasing group size lead to WGS, while high-quality patches of intermediate size relative to group size lead to WGC. However, when tested across populations, independent measures of aggression rates do not always match the actual or presumed competitive regimes. This mismatch might be explained by confounding factors and the predominately indirect measures of feeding competition. Predicted relationships between feeding competition and female social relationships/dispersal are only partly supported. This might be attributed to the fact that few studies have taken ultimate approaches using mechanistic correlates of fitness (net energy gain) or lifetime reproductive success to measure consequences of feeding competition. But to resolve existing inconsistencies, additional factors need to be taken into account as well, for example, male sexual strategies may affect female feeding competition; constraints on group size may enforce female dispersal; and demography may alter rates of alliances. More explicitly, ultimate approaches are needed to test the consistency of the socioecological model.     

鄱阳湖渔业资源现状及其环境监测

1997－1999年对鄱阳湖区渔业资源与环境进行了动态监测,统计渔获物2778kg,生物学测定1627尾,采集到鱼类122种,隶属于12目21科77属,其中鲤科鱼类种类最多,计65种,占53．3％,湖区渔获物个体偏小,以1－2龄鱼为主,鲤、鲫基本上是当年鱼,鄱阳湖现有鲤,鲫产卵场33处,主要分布在湖区东,南,西部,年均有效产卵面积616．66km^2,年均产卵量56．85亿,鄱阳湖区湖口,蛤蟆石,星子,康山水域湖水的pH,COD,Cr^ 6,Cd,Zn,Cu,Pb,总磷,氨氮,总汞均未超过渔业水质标准,鄱阳湖区水质良好。     

自然资源生态伦理观及其可持续发展

首先论述了自然资源的定义和主要特点,并从生态论理道德的角度对人与自然资源的关系进行了讨论,认为当代人承担着为子孙后代留有生存和发展充分空间的道义责任和义务,满足当代人的利益需求和维护子后代的利益需求是同等重要的,文中还指出把生态伦理观纳入人类对自然资源的保护、开发和可持续发展的实践中,有着重要的理论和现实意义,此外,对自然资源可持续发展的途径和主要措施也进行了讨论。     

西双版纳榕树资源利用现状与开发前景

本文介绍了云南西双版纳地区榕树资源状况榕树种类、生物学特性、当地少数民族对它们的利用现状 ,并对其开发利用前景和存在的问题作了探讨。     

红花檵木品种资源的研究

通过全省范围的调查收集 ,建立了红花木的品种资源收集圃 ,开展了品种演化关系和遗传稳定性研究 ,利用二元分类方法 ,根据红花木的叶形、叶色、花期、花色及分枝特性等主要观赏特征 ,划分出嫩叶红、透骨红、双面红 3大类 15个型 4 1个品种     

安徽宿州大方寺林区植物种类及其资源的初步调查

大方寺位于淮北平原萄丘陵地带,天然次生林属于暖温带叶阔叶林。由于自然条件复杂,植物种类丰富,木本植物130余种,草本植物100余种;植被类型多种多样,主要群落为：青檀（Pterooeltis tatarinowii）、牡荆（Witex negundo）、华隐子草（Cleistogenes chinensis）群落,栓皮栎（Quercus wvriabilis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、牡荆（Vitex negundo）裂稃草（Schizachyrium brevifolium）群落和黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、扁担杆（Creuia biloba）、沿阶草（Ophiopogon bodinievi）群落等三种。大方寺植物资源丰富,具有用材经济植物的约60余种,药用植物200余种,香料及密源植物10余种,纤维植物30余种,庭园观赏植物40余种。     

抗病转基因育种中基因资源的应用与研究进展

植物病害的防治是农业生产的主要环节,抗病育种是一个关键而有效的解决方法.随着转基因育种的兴起,抗病转基因育种也得到了很大的发展.本文就近年来抗病转基因育种过程中所利用的基因资源进行综述,试图从抗菌物质、植物的抗性基因、代谢途径中的关键酶、各类激活蛋白和调控基因等方面阐述所利用基因资源的挖掘思路,总结各类抗病基因资源挖掘策略,探索性地提出一些今后可能应用的基因资源,拓宽可供挖掘的基因资源种类,提出合理有效的抗病基因资源克隆策略.     

柱花草种质资源研究进展

柱花草属（Stylosanthes Sw.）约含50个种（包括二倍体和多倍体）,染色体基数x=10,是热带和亚热带地区的优良豆科牧草,其中圭亚那柱花草（S.guianensisSw.）、有钩柱花草（S.hamata（L.）Taub.）、西卡柱花草（S.scabra Vog.）、矮柱花草（S.humilis Kunth）和灌木柱花草（S.seabrana B.L.Maass＆＇tMannetje）的种植面积最广。由于柱花草产量高、营养丰富、栽培容易且用途广泛（可用于青稞饲料、调制干草和干草粉、牧地种植、果树间种、水土保持及绿肥等）,被许多国家用于热带和亚热带农业生产中,如亚洲的中国、印度、泰国和马来西亚等,澳洲的澳大利亚,美洲的美国、哥伦比亚、巴西和古巴,以及非洲的尼日利亚等。该文对柱花草种质资源的系统学、种质收集、评价、利用及育种等方面的研究进展进行了系统的概括和归纳,并展望了当前柱花草研究的热点领域和亟待解决的问题。     

大亮子河国家森林公园野生浆果资源产业化开发利用前景分析

为了摸清大亮子河具有开发利用价值的野生浆果资源的种类、分布、用途及蕴藏量,我们于2005—2007年6—9月,通过线路调查、样地调查和访问调查的方法,对该地区野生浆果资源进行了研究。结果表明该地区有开发利用价值的野生浆果资源达20种,隶属19属14科。并对该地区野生浆果资源的产业化开发利用潜力和优势进行了深入分析,认为该地区野生浆果资源开发利用具有广阔的市场前景,最后提出开发利用过程中需要注意的问题。因此,本研究可为今后大亮子河野生浆果资源的可持续开发利用和合理保护提供科学依据。     

Cultivating participatory policy processes for genetic resources policy: lessons from the Genetic Resources Policy Initiative (GRPI) project

The purpose of the paper is to draw lessons and document experiences from the Genetic Resources Policy Initiative (GRPI) project, a project which has been underway in six countries and two sub-regions during the last 5 years. Its focus has been to experiment an approach to participatory policy processes, coined by the project, called the multi-stakeholder, multi-disciplinary and multi-sector or in short the 3M. This approach, which was demand-driven due to the nature of the policy problems being examined, aims to create a platform to address competing interests inherent in genetic resources issues from multiple perspectives. It is meant to enable different stakeholders to balance issues they diverge and/or converge upon in genetic resources management, thereby harmonizing trade-offs, objectives and strategies. Experiences from the project in applying the 3M in Egypt, Nepal, Vietnam Peru and Zambia highlight several lessons in participatory policy processes. The experiences show that the success or otherwise of participatory policy making processes is dependent on various factors that have to do with stakeholder capacities, process orientation, shared understanding versus vested interests and institutional functions. They highlight that the most effective approach to stakeholder engagement in policy processes is to construct them around an actively engaged ‘process leader’ that possesses, or has the potential to champion the process by mobilising the required cognitive knowledge and institutional engagement. They further suggest that since genetic resources policy issues are cross-cutting, they will demand a more holistic approach with a clear identification of impact pathways through which policy changes can be expected to influence the outcome variables. Since policy making processes are perpetual, the question of sustaining project ideas and recommendations beyond the life of a project has to be part of the planning exercise in any participatory genetic resources policy research and formulation.