北京西山侏罗纪大同锥叶蕨的研究

大同锥叶蕨Coniopteris tatungensis 是侏罗纪植物群常见的分子。由于对该植物特征认识的不同, 对其在分类上的归属有不同意见,或归入膜蕨型锥叶蕨C．hymenophylloides,或归入简单锥叶蕨C. simplex。通过对产自北京西山斋堂地区窑坡组下段的标本的深入研究,特别是用扫描电子显微镜对该 标本的孢子囊群和孢子囊的观察,确认大同锥叶蕨在锥叶蕨属的种级分类上的独立性。文中还初步讨论了其分类和地理分布。     

建设国际大都市的广州市区园林绿化

运用生态学方法,分析了广州市公园林生物群落、生态质量及空间分布特征．在此基础上,提出了建设广州国际大都市园林绿化的建议．     

Reproductive Constraints on Dominance Competition in Male Homo Sapiens

Dominance competition among males of the same group is characteristic for most primates including humans, with the outcome—rank—being positively associated with fitness. However, because we do not observe an evolutionary arms race toward hyperdominance in primate social systems, the evolution of ever more dominating behavior characteristics may be checked by increased costs in fitness to top rank. Empirical evidence for such costs, particularly in humans, however, is almost nonexistent. Here, for the first time, we can demonstrate for a cohort of male humans, military officers, all graduates of the class of 1950 of the U.S. Military Academy, constituting a closed and cohesive social group, that competitive qualities leading to top rank may have a negative effect on fitness.     

Space-time distribution patterns of shape Erica australis L. subsp. shape aragonensis (Willk) after experimental burning,cutting, and ploughing

The response of Erica australis to experimental burning, cutting and ploughing treatments was studied in two heathland communities where it was dominant. The treatments represent those most frequently originated by humans on these heathland communities throughout history. The response of this species in a community where it is dominant and there is no strong interspecific competition was also compared to that produced by it in a community where there is competition. It can be observed that the response to burning and cutting treatments is very similar with very fast spatial occupation in the first few years. From the point of view of time cover values increased in a pronounced manner during the first few years and this increase was stabilized from the fourth year. However, from this moment on a greater increase in this species' maximum height is evident. The response to ploughing is slower according to recovery mechanism (seedlings). Recovery is comparatively less in the area where there is no strong competition than in that where it exists between species. RésuméDans deux communautés de bruyère dominées par Erica australis on a étudié la réponse de cette espèce aux traitements expérimentaux de brûlage, coupe et labour. Ces traitements représentent les actions les plus fréquentes que l'homme a exercé sur ces communautés de bruyère tout au long de l'histoire. De la même façon, on a fait la comparaison de la réponse de cette espèce quand elle se trouve dans une communauté dominée principalement par elle, où elle n'y a pas une forte compétition entre les espèces, avec la réponse quand elle se situe dans une communauté où plusieurs espèces coexistent. On observe que la réponse aux traitements de brûlage et coupe est très semblable, en présentant une occupation spatiale très rapide pendant les premières années. Du point de vue temporel, leurs valeurs de couverture augmentent de façon plus prononcée pendant les premières années, et c'est à partir de la quatrième année que ce développement se stabilise. Cependant, c'est à partir de ce moment là qu'on remarque une augmentation plus grande en ce qui concerne la hauteur maximale de cette espèce. La réponse au traitement de labour est plus lente en relation avec la régénération par semences. L'effet de la compétition se traduit par une récupération qui suit un mode d'augmentation opposé à la situation originaire. Dans la surface où il n'existe pas une forte compétition, la récupération est comparativement plus faible que dans la station où il y existait une compétition entre les espèces.Mots clés: Maquis, Mécanismes reproductives, Perturbations expérimentales, Régénération, Rejets     

杜鹃花属映山红亚属植物叶表皮显微形态特征及其分类学意义

为澄清映山红亚属(Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi)内的系统关系问题,该研究选择杜鹃花属映山红亚属37种植物作为对象,其中29种为首次报道,通过扫描电镜观察其叶表皮显微特征。结果表明:(1)气孔器均为无规则型且均在远轴面。(2)根据叶片微形态特征将映山红亚属的种类分为杜鹃型(R. simisii-type)、岭南杜鹃型(R. mariae-type)、皋月杜鹃型(R. indicum-type)、崖壁杜鹃型(R. saxatile-type)及丁香杜鹃型(R. farrerae-type)5种类型。(3)杜鹃型植物的气孔器周边无或具间断的条形突起。(4)岭南杜鹃型植物的气孔器周围有多层条形突起环绕,保卫细胞两极不具T型加厚。(5)皋月杜鹃型植物的叶表皮保卫细胞两极具有T型加厚,与叶状苞亚属(Subg. Therorhodion)叶状苞杜鹃(R. redowskianum)的气孔器特征相似,推测其与叶状苞亚属具有一定的亲缘关系。(6)崖壁杜鹃型植物的叶表皮毛单一,多呈卷曲状,与其他类型有所不同且未见腺体。(7)丁香杜鹃型植物的叶表皮仅有腺体。(8)依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系,如倾向于将背绒杜鹃(R. hypoblematosum)和千针叶杜鹃(R. polyraphidoideum)处理为独立的种,支持保留紫薇春(R. naamkwanense var. cryptonerve)作为南昆杜鹃(R. naamkwanense)的变种地位,不支持将腺花杜鹃(R. adenanthum)并入细瘦杜鹃(R. tenue)作异名处理等。该研究结果表明叶表皮显微特征在映山红亚属内物种划分上具有重要价值。     

Little interspecific pollen transfer despite overlap in pollinators between sympatric Aeonium (Crassulaceae) species pairs

It is still unknown what exact role interspecific gene flow and reticulate patterns of gene transfer may play in adaptive radiations. To contribute to a better understanding of gene flow in a morphologically diverse and species-rich lineage, we investigated pollen transfer in the adaptively radiated Macaronesian Crassulaceae-Sempervivoideae. We aimed at comparing pollinator spectra and pollen transfer rates among sympatric species of Aeonium. Field studies were conducted on Tenerife (Canary Islands) including pollinator observations and estimations of pollen transfer using fluorescent dye powder as pollen analogue. Our results indicate an overlap in visiting insects among four sympatric species pairs of Aeonium. However, our dye experiments indicate that on an average about 95% of the detected pollen transfer was infraspecific. Only a small proportion of interspecific pollen transfer could be recorded. We explain these outcomes by specific pollinator behaviour such as floral preference and constancy during a foraging bout. This may be linked to different reward regimes of the studied Aeonium species.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎鲍氏不动杆菌感染的临床特征分析

目的：研究呼吸机相关性肺炎鲍氏不动杆菌感染的临床特征。方法：选取2010 年1 月到2015 年1 月我院收治的应用呼吸 机患者130 例,根据是否合并肺炎鲍氏不动杆菌感染将患者分为研究组（86 例）和对照组（44 例）,分析呼吸机相关性肺炎鲍氏不 动杆菌的临床特征,然后根据药敏实验选择应用药物进行治疗,并观察治疗效果。结果：呼吸机相关性肺炎鲍氏不动杆菌感染的 分布科室主要以ICU 为主,大约为76.74％,神经外科次之,大约为8.14％;研究组呼吸机应用时间（18.72± 3.15）天显著长于对照 组（6.18± 0.02）天,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;研究组经舒巴坦联合左氧氟沙星或者亚胺培南治疗后总有效率为 91.86％。结论：呼吸机相关性肺炎鲍氏不动杆菌多发生于ICU,且感染者呼吸机应用时间较长,联合治疗效果显著。     

Value of computer‐assisted quantitative nuclear morphometry for differentiation of reactive renal tubular cells from low‐grade urothelial carcinoma

H. Ohsaki, E. Hirakawa, K. Kagawa, M. Nakamura, H. Kiyomoto and R. Haba Value of computer‐assisted quantitative nuclear morphometry for differentiation of reactive renal tubular cells from low‐grade urothelial carcinoma Objective: To assess whether computer‐assisted quantitative morphological parameters can be an effective tool for objectively distinguishing reactive renal tubular cells from low‐grade urothelial carcinoma cells (LG‐UCs) in voided urine. Methods: Nuclear morphometry was performed by a computer‐assisted image analyser system on Papanicolaou‐stained cytological specimens. The circumference of reactive renal tubular cells (n = 40) or LG‐UC (n = 20) nuclei were manually traced, and the following nuclear morphometric parameters were analysed: (i) area, (ii) perimeter, (iii) roundness factor, (iv) maximum length, and (v) linear factor. For each nuclear measurement, we calculated the maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation. Results: The mean nuclear area and nuclear perimeter were higher in reactive renal tubular cells compared to the LG‐UCs. The mean of roundness and linear factors (reflecting a tendency for the nuclear outline to be regular and oval, respectively) were higher in LG‐UCs compared with reactive renal tubular cells. Among nuclear areas, the nuclear perimeter, roundness factors and maximum length did not show any significant differences between reactive renal tubular cells and LG‐UCs. On the other hand, the linear factor showed a mean higher value among LG‐UCs than reactive renal tubular cells (P = 0.023). Conclusions: Of five quantitative nuclear morphological parameters, only linear factor was statistically significant in differentiating reactive renal tubular cells in renal disease from LG‐UCs.     

Seasonality of reproduction in wild boar (Sus scrofa) assessed by fecal and plasmatic steroids

The collection of biological samples through non-invasive techniques represents one way of monitoring in vivo physiological changes associated with reproductive activity. Such techniques are particularly important for the study of animal species in the wild.The goals of this study were 1) to evaluate fecal progestogen (P), estrogen (E), and androgen (A) by means of radioimmunoassays, in male and female wild boars culled in the Piedmont, Italy area; 2) to compare them with plasmatic concentrations and the animals’ reproductive status; and 3) to assess variations in reproductive seasonality between two populations of wild boars living in a mountainous vs. a plain habitat in Piedmont.The results demonstrate a positive correlation between fecal and plasmatic steroid concentrations (r = 0.46, 0.58, and 0.45 for plasma P₄ and P, E₂ and E, and T and A; P < 0.05). Moreover, high fecal levels of both P and E (>170 ng/g and >100 pg/g respectively) were found in 70.6% of pregnant sows and in none of the non-pregnant animals, thus supporting the use of this technique for detecting pregnancy status in wild boar.Similar birth patterns were displayed by the mountain and plain populations, but births peaked significantly only in the mountain population, in the spring (46%, P < 0.05, vs. other seasons). A corresponding autumnal peak of plasma testosterone concentrations in males was displayed only by the mountain population (7.4 vs. < 2.0 ng/mL in the other seasons, P < 0.05).The correlation between fecal and plasmatic steroid concentrations obtained in this study supports the applicability of this non-invasive sampling technique for monitoring reproductive status in wild boar, thus enabling a more informed and correct management of the species.     

Conceiving Reproduction: New Reproductive Technologies and the Redefinition of the Kinship Narrative in New Zealand Society

This paper focuses on technologies for assisting conception and considers how normative notions of conception and family formation have informed the rejection, incorporation and adaptation of technologies and their regulation in New Zealand. Drawing on a textual analysis of primary written materials and secondary sources generated between 1965 and 2004, the paper reveals how these technologies help various groups in New Zealand society make explicit their understandings of relatedness, identity and social and cultural belonging. Whilst biological/genetic connection and social connections inform understandings of kinship, reproduction, parenthood and social structure for many New Zealanders, the boundaries between the biological and social are often blurred and precedence of one over the other is very much context dependent. The incorporation of the new reproductive technologies has been an inherently politicised process, with barriers to access to these technologies emerging in relation to ethnic identity and race, sexuality, socioeconomic status, gender, and marital status.