人类活动影响下科尔沁沙地沙漠化动态的敏感性分析及灰色预测

利用90年代1◊25万和1◊50万的TM遥感影像及GIS获得的数据,结合该区70、80年代遥感调查数据,分析了科尔沁地区6个县的土地覆盖类型和潜在沙漠化动态及敏感因子。结果表明,1980～1990年该区的沙化面积从53%扩大到70%,林地下降10.7%,草地增加8.38%,主要为低覆盖草地。由于10年来人口密度增加了10人·km^-2,耕地平均增加了7%,人口增加和活动是土地覆盖变化的敏感性因子。分析该区沙漠化的自然因素表明气候变化导致沙漠化的正逆过程,人类活动是近代该区沙漠化加剧的直接原因。灰色预测表明该地区2000年以后人口增加,而沙漠化呈增加和减少两种趋势.     

mtDNA and language support a common origin of Micronesians and Polynesians in Island Southeast Asia

The origins and relationships among Micronesians, Polynesians, and Melanesians were investigated. Five different mtDNA region V length polymorphisms from 873 individuals representing 24 Oceanic and Asian populations were analyzed. The frequency cline of a common deletion and the distributions of a rare expanded length polymorphism support the origin of both Micronesians and Polynesians in Island Southeast Asia. Genetic, linguistic, and geographic distances were compared to assess the relative importance of isolation and gene flow during the prehistory of 19 Austronesian-speaking populations subdivided into five potential spheres of interaction. We observed significant correlations (P < 0.05) between genetic and linguistic distances in four of five comparisons. These data indicate extensive gene flow throughout much of Micronesia, but substantial isolation in other Pacific regions. Although recent advancements in our understanding of intentional voyaging within Remote Oceania have challenged the existence of the “myth of the primitive isolate,” we caution against the adoption of panmictic alternatives. Am J Phys Anthropol 105:109–119, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

神农架川金丝猴栖息地优势乔木树种遥感识别及其分布特征

针对神农架川金丝猴生境基础研究中乔木树种大范围分布数据难以获取问题,尝试利用多源多时相遥感数据结合专家知识分层次实现树种识别。首先采用冬季Landsat8/OLI数据根据物侯特性分层提取常绿、落叶林的地域范围;进而依据夏季Worldview-2高分遥感影像的实地乔木样本的光谱特征分层次完成常绿树种(巴山冷杉、华山松、青$、刺叶栎)和落叶树种(红桦、日本落叶松、米心水青冈、漆树、锐齿槲栎、椅杨)的识别;并通过实地植被样方及专家知识通过高程数据完成分类结果的修正;最后结合GIS对主要优势树种的地形及地域分布特征进行了空间分析。实验精度表明常绿林中巴山冷杉、华山松、刺叶栎、虫害华山松整体精度较高,落叶林中红桦、漆树等识别精度相对较高,部分树种如椅杨、锐齿槲栎识别精度较低;总体上常绿树种的精度要优于落叶树种。从植物地理学、遥感、GIS三者相结合的角度,将多源、多时相遥感数据与物种物候特性、专家知识进行有效整合,提出了一种乔木树种识别的方法(1)提供了复杂山地环境的主要乔木优势种识别途径,且具有通用性;(2)完成了物种物候特性与遥感数据特性的整合利用,有效降低数据成本费用;(3)配合地面样方及专家知识修正结果,避免了过分依赖光谱特征引起的误判。这将为神农架川金丝猴栖息地保护与恢复提供更精确的数据依据。     

雄安新区地表覆盖变化及其新区规划的生态响应预测

雄安新区是新近设立的国家级新区,如何在新区建设中坚持生态优先、绿色发展,是即将开展的新区规划必须考虑的问题。绿色生态规划离不开对规划区生态本底的清楚认识,离不开对规划结果的准确预判。因此基于2004、2015年的Landsat影像,采用遥感信息反演技术和RSEI遥感生态指数,评估了该区近11年来的地表不透水面、植被和水体三大覆盖类型的变化,并预测新区建设的生态效应及其对热环境的影响。结果表明,雄安新区近11年地表不透水面、植被和水体的面积虽互有增减,但变化强度都小于5%,总体开发强度不大,本底生态质量较好,稳中略升。定量分析表明,在该区的三大地表覆盖类型中,不透水面对区域生态和地表温度的影响最大。根据所获得的关系模型预测,新区的人口规划和面积方案将对区域生态质量和热环境产生影响,如果按新增不透水面面积占新区面积25%的比例来预测,它将使生态质量下降10%,地表温度上升1.1℃;但如果将不透水面比例控制在20%,则新区的生态质量反而上升3.6%,地表温度下降0.3℃。     

Acoustic mapping using a multibeam echosounder reveals cold-water coral reefs and surrounding habitats

Multibeam surveys were carried out in four areas to the west of Scotland where the coral Lophelia pertusa had previously been recorded. Distinctive seabed mounds were found in one area; video images from the mounds showed coral reef formation, and grab samples recovered L. pertusa reef framework and rubble. Skeleton samples were dated to 3,800 years BP. Grab samples contained 123 species of fauna. The reef structures, termed the Mingulay Reef Complex, were identified as topographic mound-like structures from the bathymetric data and were also visible on the backscatter images. The location of the reefs coincides with Atlantic bottom waters, close to a primary productivity centre and mixing zone, in an area where currents are likely to be accelerated by rocky seafloor ridges. This study shows that multibeam echosounders are powerful tools to locate and map deep-water coral reefs irrespective of water depth. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Validation of the MERIS products on large European lakes: Peipsi,Vänern and Vättern

The Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS/Envisat) was launched in March 2002 for coastal zone monitoring. Preliminary data from MERIS show that its imagery of large lakes is superior to that of other common ocean colour sensors. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the MERIS data on large European lakes, Vänern and Vättern in Sweden and Peipsi in Estonia/Russia. In these lakes, coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) can be a major contributor to the optical properties of the water. Another characteristic of the waters under investigation is the large temporal and spatial variability in the concentrations of chlorophyll (C _Chl) and suspended sediments (C _TSS). Potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms occur in Lake Peipsi in late summer. We have compared the MERIS products from the latest reprocessing (finished in March 2006) with available in situ data. There is a reasonably good correlation between the MERIS algal_2 product and the measured C _chl over all three lakes, but no correlation was found for other optically active substances. A significant portion of the pixels (up to 90%) are flagged as invalid results after atmospheric correction.     

遥感在林冠动态监测研究中的应用

 林冠动态大致包括三方面的内容,即由病虫害、林火等引起的林冠变化、由大风等灾害引起的林隙动态、以及树冠和林冠的正常变化等。遥感在林冠动态研究中的地位和作用已被广泛认知,国内外在此方面的研究已积累了丰富经验。进行林冠动态研究所利用的遥感数据主要有Landsat TM卫     

农田土壤水分预测模型的研究进展及应用

本文对国内外土壤湿度的监测,预报发展情况进行了回顾,总结了国内外土壤水分监测方法及其原理,介绍了国内外土壤湿度预测模型的研究进展及其应用情况,讨论了传统的土壤水分平衡方程统计模型法,从土壤水分运动方程出发的物理学模型法,利用气象要素与土壤水相关关系为基础的统计预报法、及新兴的人工神经元网络和遥感数据估测法的优缺点,并对土壤水分研究工作所面临的问题进行了必要的阐述。