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101.
102.
紫外线诱导小麦条锈菌毒性突变及突变体的RAPD分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以夏孢子相对致死率90%左右作为紫外线处理最适时间,发现8min为小麦条锈菌条中29号单孢菌系(CY29-3)最适处理时间,其夏孢子相对致死率达88.97%。CY29-3的夏孢子经紫外线处理、扩繁、筛选品种筛选及4代的稳定选择后,获得了两个毒性变异的突变菌株。毒性突变产生的Jubi菌株对尤皮Ⅱ号的毒性增强,反应型由野生菌系的0型变为4型;非毒性突变产生的Funo菌株在阿夫上的反应型由野生菌系的4型变为2型。研究结果表明两突变菌株在鉴别寄主上的反应型和毒性范围也明显不同于野生菌系,说明紫外线诱导的小麦条锈菌变异是不定向和复杂的。对野生菌系和两个突变菌株进行RAPD分析后发现,两突变菌株与野生菌系之间的DNA多态性存在显著差异,多态率分别为10.58%和11.57%,说明紫外线可使小麦条锈菌基因组DNA发生较大的变化且突变位点比较复杂。 相似文献
103.
P. M. Fredriksen F. Ingjer W. Nystad E. Thaulow 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1999,80(5):409-416
The peak oxygen uptake (VO2(peak)) of 196 healthy children and adolescents aged 8-16 years, and 187 children and adolescents (in the same age range) with congenital heart disease (CHD), was measured using a graded treadmill test (Oslo-protocol). The healthy population was tested to assess the reference values that were to be used in the interpretation of the results obtained from patients with CHD. The results revealed that patients with CHD exhibited lower VO2(peak) values, with declining values for boys after the age of 12-13 years. When separated into different diagnostic groups, on average, patients with a chronic pressure overload of the left ventricle and patients with tetralogy of Fallot have lower VO2(peak) values, but make approximately the same progress with age as healthy subjects. Patients with transposition of the great arteries, however, displayed a marked decline in VO2(peak) after the age of 12-13 years. Whether exercise testing should be included in routine follow-up in patients with CHD, especially those between the ages of 10 and 16 years, when the condition of some patients deteriorates, requires special attention. 相似文献
104.
The problem of making inferences about the ratio of two normal means has been addressed, both from the frequentist and Bayesian perspectives, by several authors. Most of this work is concerned with the homoscedastic case. In contrast, the situation where the variances are not equal has received little attention. Cox (1985) deals, within the frequentist framework, with a model where the variances are related to the means. His results are mainly based on Fieller's theorem whose drawbacks are well known. In this paper we present a Bayesian analysis of this model and discuss some related problems. An agronomical example is used throughout to illustrate the methods. 相似文献
105.
M. R. Davis A. W. Gearhart W. Huang T. F. C. Mackay R. R. H. Anholt 《Genes, Brain & Behavior》2017,16(7):675-685
Individual variation in alcohol consumption in human populations is determined by genetic, environmental, social and cultural factors. In contrast to humans, genetic contributions to complex behavioral phenotypes can be readily dissected in Drosophila, where both the genetic background and environment can be controlled and behaviors quantified through simple high‐throughput assays. Here, we measured voluntary consumption of ethanol in ~3000 individuals of each sex from an advanced intercross population derived from 37 lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel. Extreme quantitative trait loci mapping identified 385 differentially segregating allelic variants located in or near 291 genes at P < 10?8. The effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with voluntary ethanol consumption are sex‐specific, as found for other alcohol‐related phenotypes. To assess causality, we used RNA interference knockdown or P{MiET1} mutants and their corresponding controls and functionally validated 86% of candidate genes in at least one sex. We constructed a genetic network comprised of 23 genes along with a separate trio and a pair of connected genes. Gene ontology analyses showed enrichment of developmental genes, including development of the nervous system. Furthermore, a network of human orthologs showed enrichment for signal transduction processes, protein metabolism and developmental processes, including nervous system development. Our results show that the genetic architecture that underlies variation in voluntary ethanol consumption is sexually dimorphic and partially overlaps with genetic factors that control variation in feeding behavior and alcohol sensitivity. This integrative genetic architecture is rooted in evolutionarily conserved features that can be extrapolated to human genetic interaction networks. 相似文献
106.
Nico M. Franz 《Biology & philosophy》2005,20(2-3):489-515
A naturalistic account of the strengths and limitations of cladistic practice is offered. The success of cladistics is claimed
to be largely rooted in the parsimony-implementing congruence test. Cladists may use the congruence test to iteratively refine
assessments of homology, and thereby increase the odds of reliable phylogenetic inference under parsimony. This explanation
challenges alternative views which tend to ignore the effects of parsimony on the process of character individuation in systematics.
In a related theme, the concept of homeostatic property cluster natural kinds is used to explain why cladistics is well suited
to provide a traditional, verbal reference system for the evolutionary properties of species and clades. The advantages of
more explicitly probabilistic approaches to phylogenetic inference appear to manifest themselves in situations where evolutionary
homeostasis has for the most part broken down, and predictive classifications are no longer possible. 相似文献
107.
Zhong Q Zhang Q Wang Z Qi J Chen Y Li S Sun Y Li C Lan X 《Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)》2008,10(3):310-318
Differential expression of genes is crucial to embryogenesis. The analysis of gene expression requires appropriate references
that should be minimally regulated during the embryonic development. To select the most stable genes for gene normalization,
the expression profiles of eight commonly used reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, rpL17, α-Tub, EF1-α, UbcE, B2M, and 18S rRNA)
were examined during Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) embryonic development using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. It was found that all seven mRNA genes appeared
to be developmentally regulated and exhibited significant variation of expression. However, further analyses revealed the
stage-specific expression stability. Hence when normalization using these mRNA genes, the differential and stage-related expression
should be considered. 18S rRNA gene, on the other hand, showed the most stable expression and could be recommended as a suitable
reference gene during all embryonic developmental stages in P. olivaceus. In summary, our results provided not only the appropriate reference gene for embryonic development research in P. olivaceus, but also possible guidance to reference gene selection for embryonic gene expression analyses in other fish species. 相似文献
108.
Jazmin I. Acosta Joshua S. Talboom Melissa Scheldrup Laurence M. Demers Heather A. Bimonte-Nelson 《Hormones and behavior》2009,55(3):454-366
Conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) is the most commonly prescribed estrogen therapy, and is the estrogen used in the Women's Health Initiative study. While in-vitro studies suggest that CEE is neuroprotective, no study has evaluated CEE's effects on a cognitive battery and brain immunohistochemistry in an animal model. The current experiment tested whether CEE impacted: I) spatial learning, reference memory, working memory and long-term retention, as well as ability to handle mnemonic delay and interference challenges; and, II) the cholinergic system, via pharmacological challenge during memory testing and ChAT-immunoreactive cell counts in the basal forebrain. Middle-aged ovariectomized (Ovx) rats received chronic cyclic injections of either Oil (vehicle), CEE-Low (10 μg), CEE-Medium (20 μg) or CEE-High (30 μg) treatment. Relative to the Oil group, all three CEE groups showed less overnight forgetting on the spatial reference memory task, and the CEE-High group had enhanced platform localization during the probe trial. All CEE groups exhibited enhanced learning on the spatial working memory task, and CEE dose-dependently protected against scopolamine-induced amnesia with every rat receiving the highest CEE dose maintaining zero errors after scopolamine challenge. CEE also increased number of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the vertical diagonal band of the basal forebrain. Neither the ability to remember after a delay nor interference, nor long-term retention, was influenced by the CEE regimen used in this study. These findings are similar to those reported previously for 17 β-estradiol, and suggest that CEE can provide cognitive benefits on spatial learning, reference and working memory, possibly through cholinergic mechanisms. 相似文献
109.
Marian Yallop Heike Hirst Martyn Kelly Steve Juggins Jane Jamieson Robin Guthrie 《Aquatic Botany》2009,90(4):289-295
We assessed the feasibility of using herbarium specimens to validate reference conditions in the UK by comparing diatom community composition of river sites with both recent and historic diatom samples. The question of substrate specificity was addressed by comparing epilithon (stone-derived) and epiphyton (plant-derived) samples from a number of rivers. No significant differences were found between the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), species richness, species diversity, and percentage of motile valves between paired diatom samples (epilithic and epiphytic) from contemporary samples. Significant differences were recorded between a number of indices derived from analysis of the historic diatom samples on plant material sampled pre-1930 compared with diatoms from stones collected post-1990 from the same river location. The TDI, mean species richness, and species diversity and percentage of motile valves and nutrient tolerant valves were all significantly greater in the contemporary samples (p ≤ 0.05). The percentage of nutrient sensitive valves was significantly lower in the contemporary samples (p ≤ 0.05).The relative abundance of Achnanthidium minutissimum and Cocconeis placentula var. lineata was significantly greater on the herbarium material compared to matched contemporary samples. Calculated values for the TDI (43 ± 3) expected at reference conditions were similar to the observed TDI values derived from herbarium material (44 ± 12) showing no significant deviation in ecological status. 相似文献
110.