Genetic diversity of Potamogeton maackianus in the Yangtze River

The genetic diversity and genetic structure of Potamogeton maackianus A. Benn. in seven lakes of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The gene flow and genetic relationships between populations were analyzed in combination with the geographic distribution and the river system of the lakes. A total of 112 bands were amplified and 59 bands (52.7%) were polymorphic. Each of the 86 individuals investigated exhibited a unique genotype. The Shannon index was used to measure genetic diversity, and the total genetic diversity was 0.414 and the mean genetic diversity of populations was 0.148. P. maackianus showed a relatively high level of genetic diversity. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 63.8% of the total genetic diversity existed among populations and 36.2% within them, which was consistent with the genetic structure computed by the Shannon index: among-population variation and within population variation accounted for 64.4 and 35.7%, respectively. The gene flow among populations was very limited, and genetic isolation among populations occurred even though they were connected through the Yangtze River. Cluster analysis divided the seven populations into two groups, and the genetic relationships among the populations had no obvious association with their geographic distribution, or the historical relations with the river system of the lakes where they occurred. Mantel tests revealed that distance was an important factor affecting the genetic structure in populations. The development history of P. maackianus populations in Honghu Lake had an obvious effect on its genetic structure.     

水深、基质、光和去苗对菹草石芽萌发的影响

通过野调查,研究了水深对菹草石芽萌发率的影响,比较了梁子湖与湖北省其他四个不同水深的湖泊间菹草石芽明发率月动态;并通过萌发实验探讨了基质、光和去苗对菹草石芽萌发的影响。结果如下：无光环境下菹草石芽的萌发率较有光下的小,基质的有无及其类型对萌发率影响不大,去苗能使其萌发第二苗和第三苗的百分离分别从自然状态下的3．2％和1．0％提高至96．8％和64．0％（12月初）;五个湖泊的石芽均于7月初即开始萌发,相同月份不同湖泊石芽的平均萌发率基本与其平均水深成负相关关系,但12月初各湖泊的平均萌发率相近（＞95％）;同一湖泊水深越大,相同月份的萌发率越低,水深的增加能显著推迟萌发起始时间,但不改变其最终萌发率（12月初＞95％）。菹草石高萌发率的特征和极高的萌发第二、第三苗的潜力可能是其成为许多湖泊优势种的两个极其重要的维持机制。     

Analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Potamogeton species in China based on chloroplast trnT-trnF sequences

Sequences of the chloroplast trnT-trnF region were analyzed for species of the genus Potamogeton distributed in China to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the genus Potamogeton could be divided into two clades. Eighteen species formed a monophyletic clade while the remaining four formed a second, distinguishable one, supporting the conventional treatment that the genus Potamogeton contains the submerged linear-leaved group and the submerged broad-leaved group. The first clade, which represented the subgenus Potamogeton, could be further divided into two subclades. The second clade, which represented the subgenus Coleogeton, displayed a close phylogenetic relationship with the subgenus Potamogeton and occupied a unique position within the genus Potamogeton. This finding suggested that the treatment of the subgenus Coleogeton, which was once regarded as the genus Stuckenia Börner, may need to be reconsidered. Furthermore, identification of maternal donors of some hybrids was successfully applied based on sequence of maternally inherited chloroplast genome. The female parents of three putative hybrids, P. × malainoides, P. × anguillanus, and P. × orientalis, were proved to be accordant with previous morphological conclusions.     

不同水质条件下菹草的净化作用及其生理反应初步研究

沉水植物在其主要的生活周期中植株沉水生活 ,生理上极端依赖于水环境 ,因而对水质的变化十分敏感[1,2 ] 。同时 ,作为水生态系统中的初级生产者之一 ,沉水植物能调节水生态系统的物质循环速度 ,增加水体生物多样性 ,控制藻类 ,增强水体稳定性 ,从而有效提高水质 [3 ]。菹草 ( Potamageton crispus)是眼子菜科的多年生沉水草本植物 ,秋季发芽 ,越冬生长 ,是特殊的冬春季生活型植物 ,夏季多数植株衰败死亡 ,生殖芽落入水底进入夏季休眠期[4] ,对水域的富营养化有较强的适应能力。COD(化学需氧量 ,即耗氧量 )值是检测水质的重要指标 ,反映了…     

Genetic diversity and origin of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potamogeton anguillanus</Emphasis> (Potamogetonaceae) in Lake Biwa,Japan

We analyzed the genetic variation in Potamogeton anguillanus Koidz. and its putative parents, P. malaianus Miq. and P. perfoliatus L., at five allozyme loci of four enzymes to test the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for P. anguillanus, collected in Lake Biwa, Japan. Alleles diagnostic for either P. malaianus or P. perfoliatus were present at four loci. Of 13 single locus phenotypes (SLPs) of P. anguillanus, eight were phenotypes that were expected in F₁ hybrids between P. malaianus and P. perfoliatus. Two SLPs were different from those expected in F₁ hybrids but could have resulted from segregation of parental alleles in later generation hybrids. Each of the remaining three SLPs possessed one allele unique to P. anguillanus. Allozyme analyses thus supported the view that P. anguillanus was derived from hybridization between P. malaianus and P. perfoliatus. It seems likely that the genetic diversity of P. anguillanus found previously originated through multiple hybridizations and sexual processes in P. anguillanus. Other processes such as intragenic recombination, mutation, or hybridization with another lineage are also discussed with reference to the origin of unique alleles. Received: March 16, 2001 / Accepted: September 11, 2001     

Evolutionary divergence and possible incipient speciation in post-glacial populations of a cosmopolitan aquatic plant

Habitat configuration is expected to have a major influence on genetic exchange and evolutionary divergence among populations. Aquatic organisms occur in two fundamentally different habitat types, the sea and freshwater lakes, making them excellent models to study the contrasting effects of continuity vs. isolation on genetic divergence. We compared the divergence in post-glacial populations of a cosmopolitan aquatic plant, the pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus that simultaneously occurs in freshwater lakes and coastal marine sites. Relative levels of gene flow were inferred in 12 lake and 14 Baltic Sea populations in northern Germany using nine highly polymorphic microsatellite markers developed for P. pectinatus. We found highly significant isolation-by-distance in both habitat types (P < 0.001). Genetic differentiation increased approximately 2.5-times faster among freshwater populations compared with those from the Baltic Sea. As different levels of genetic drift or population history cannot explain these differences, higher population connectivity in the sea relative to freshwater populations is the most likely source of contrasting evolutionary divergence. These findings are consistent with the notion that freshwater angiosperms are more conducive to allopatric speciation than their life-history counterparts in the sea, the relative species poor seagrasses. Surprisingly, population pairs from different habitat types revealed almost maximal genetic divergence expected for complete reproductive isolation, regardless of their respective geographical distance. Hence, the barrier to gene flow between lake and sea habitat types cannot be due to dispersal limitation. We may thus have identified a case of rapid incipient speciation in post-glacial populations of a widespread aquatic plant.     

微齿眼子菜繁殖生物学特性的初步研究

微齿眼子菜以风媒传粉为主,具有明显的雌蕊先熟性,显示出明显的异交特性;同时其雌雄可育期部分重叠,被片、花药和柱头三者的空间布局使其极利于自花受粉,暗示了自交存在的可能性.花粉保持萌发活力的时间短(约20h)及萌发率低(＜10%)可能是导致其自然结实率(20.16%)低的主要原因.自交作为衍生性状在其有性生殖中占有相当的比例,繁育系统属于兼性的交配类型,并有向自交演化的趋势.有性生殖分配与其营养体生物量呈显著正相关,异质性程度不同的生境中,微齿眼子菜表现出不同的繁殖对策,在稳定生境中以克隆生长为主,在变动生境中有性生殖率则有所增加,存在着有性生殖与无性繁殖之间的平衡.     

Seasonality of macrophytes and interaction with flow in a New Zealand lowland stream

Introduced submerged macrophytes have come to dominate many shallow water bodies in New Zealand, and are a common component of many lowland streams. We investigated the seasonal variation of macrophyte abundance, its influence on flow and channel volume, and the implications of this on stream habitat and functioning in Whakapipi Stream, a typical lowland stream draining a predominantly agricultural catchment.Abundance of macrophytes over the summer was primarily controlled by the phenological cycles of the two dominant species. Mean minimum total macrophyte biomass (36 g m^–2) and cover (7%) occurred in winter (June and August, respectively), and mean maximum biomass (324 g m^–2), and cover (79%) occurred in late summer (March and February respectively). Egeria densa comprised the majority of both cover and biomass during the study period, except early summer (December) when Potamogeton crispus was prevalent in the shallow stream reaches.Macrophyte beds had a major impact on summer stream velocities, reducing average velocities by an estimated 41%. Stream cross-sectional area was maintained at relatively stable levels similar to that recorded over winter, when stream discharge was in the order of seven times greater. The mean velocity distribution coefficient (), and Manning's roughness coefficient (n) were dependent on and displayed a positive linear relationship with macrophyte abundance. The velocity distribution coefficient is recommended as a better indicator of macrophyte effects on velocity in natural streams, as it does not assume uniform velocity, channel depth and slope within the stream reach.Our study shows that submerged macrophytes play an important structuring role within the stream during the summer period, where macrophyte beds act as semi-permeable dams, retarding flow velocities and increasing stream depth and cross-sectional area. This promotes habitat heterogeneity by creating a greater range of flow velocity variation, and also provides large stable low-flow areas. Other likely ecosystem effects resulting from macrophyte/velocity interactions include increased sedimentation, potential for nutrient processing and increased primary production, both by macrophytes and attached epiphyton. The complex architecture of submerged macrophytes and their influence on stream flow may also provide an increased diversity of habitat for other aquatic biota. We propose that management of degraded lowland streams such as the Whakapipi Stream to maintain stretches with moderate quantities of submerged macrophytes interspersed with shaded areas would optimise stream health during low summer flows.     

镧对菹草活性氧清除酶活性及叶细胞超微结构的影响

在菹草培养液中施用LaCl3.8H2O培养菹草,研究了稀土镧对菹草活性氧清除酶活性及叶细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,菹草在含适宜浓度La3+的培养液中长势均好于对照。较低浓度La3+处理时,菹草叶绿素含量、叶片自发荧光强度、硝酸还原酶(NRase)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及可溶性蛋白质含量均升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、细胞膜透性、O-2.产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈降低趋势,电镜观察结果为La3+对菹草生长的影响提供了细胞学证据。实验认为促进菹草生长的最适La3+浓度为5～10mg.L-1。