Allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potamogeton malaianus</Emphasis> on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scenedesmus obliquus</Emphasis>

Allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus on Scenedesmus obliquus were assessed using a two-phase approach under controlled laboratory conditions. In the co-culture experiment (phase І), the growth of S. obliquus at two different initial cell densities was significantly inhibited by P. malaianus. Moreover, the growth inhibition was dependent on the biomass density of P. malaianus. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and POD), MDA, APA, total soluble protein, protein electrophoretic pattern and morphology of S. obliquus were determined after the co-culture experiment was terminated. The activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APA at the low initial cell density were stimulated, the contents of MDA and total soluble protein were increased, and some special protein bands disappeared in P. malaianus treatments. The macrophyte had no effect on the activities of SOD and APA at the high initial cell density, but significantly influenced other physiological parameters of S. obliquus with the increase of biomass density. The morphology of S. obliquus showed no difference in the macrophyte treatments and the controls, and the cultures were dominated by 4-celled coenobia. The results indicated P. malaianus had significant allelopathic effects on the growth and physiological processes of S. obliquus. Moreover, the allelopathic effects depended on initial algal cell density, biomass density of the macrophyte, and their interaction. In the experiment of P. malaianus culture filtrates (phase II), filtrates from combined culture of plant and S. obliquus at the low initial cell density exhibited no apparent growth inhibitory effect on S. obliquus. The result showed that initial addition of growth-inhibiting plant filtrates had no allelopathic effect on S. obliquus. We concluded that the allelopathic effects on S. obliquus were found in the presence of P. malaianus, but not in P. malaianus filtrates. However, the absence of allelopathic effect on S. obliquus might be due to the very low concentrations of allelochemicals in the filtrates. Handling editor: S. M. Thomas     

菹草茎叶微界面O2时空动态

采用高分辨率光纤氧微电极测定了富营养化水体中沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)茎叶微界面(0—2.0 mm)氧(O_2)。菹草叶微界面O_2浓度梯度具明显的时空变化。时间上,菹草叶微界面O_2浓度具有明显的生长阶段变化和昼夜变化。幼苗期和快速生长期微界面O_2浓度增加幅度较小,稳定期叶表O_2浓度梯度增加幅度最大,衰亡期叶微界面O_2浓度受附着物影响具明显的空间梯度。菹草叶微界面O_2表现为昼高夜低的单峰变化模式,主要受光照和温度的影响。空间上,越接近茎叶表面,O_2浓度越高。顶部幼叶微界面O_2浓度梯度增加较平缓,中部成熟叶微界面O_2浓度梯度变化最陡,波动幅度最大,中部茎和基部衰老叶微界面O_2浓度梯度由于受密集附着物的影响,在附着物表面达到最大值,进入附着层后略有下降。结果表明,菹草茎叶微界面O_2时空变化主要受附着物和植物光合放氧能力的影响。光纤微电极是一种分析植物叶微界面氧时空分布的理想工具,对深入研究植物微界面在富营养化水体中养分的迁移转化具有重要意义,可为水生植物生理生态研究提供有力工具。     

Prediction of bird-day carrying capacity on a staging site: a test of depletion models

1. The carrying capacity of a site for migratory water birds, expressed in bird-days, can be of particular conservation value. Several attempts have been made to model this carrying capacity using ideal free distribution models such as, for instance, depletion models, in which the distribution is fully determined by exploitative competition. 2. In the tests of depletion models carried out so far, no alternative models were compared; rather, one specific model was tested. We tested whether bird-days were more in accordance with birds depleting the food resource (a1) until a critical food density which just enabled survival or (a2) until a threshold food density which renders the site as profitable as an alternative site; and birds (b1) satisfying their daily requirements or (b2) maximizing daily intake. 3. We studied Bewick's swans feeding on below-ground tubers of fennel pondweed in one part of an autumn staging site. In most years between 1995 and 2005, we measured tuber biomass densities around September, November and March, and counted swans daily during their stopover in October. 4. The best fit between observed and predicted bird-days was obtained by assuming that the swans were maximizing their daily intake and depleting the tubers until a threshold biomass density (which yielded the same energetic return as the alternative food source after accounting for a small part of the initial tuber biomass being out of reach of the swans). Also in line with daily intake maximization, the daily feeding time did not differ from 10 h day(-1), the value predicted for Bewick's swans based on their feeding costs. 5. Our results suggests that the applicable model to calculate carrying capacity may depend strongly on whether birds use a site to stopover or to winter, because it determines whether the birds are more likely to use a threshold or critical food density, and to behave as energy maximizers or satisficers.     

Restoration options for potential persistence of submersed aquatic vegetation: combining ecological, hydrodynamic and sediment transport modelling

1. Restoration of shallow turbid lakes to promote growth of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) requires knowledge of the environmental factors affecting SAV growth and persistence, and a means to predict the success of SAV reestablishment under different management scenarios to improve these environmental conditions. We used a dynamic ecological modelling approach relating SAV responses to changes in physical and chemical conditions, with information on water level, flow and transparency being provided by hydrodynamic and sediment transport models. 2. The potential persistence of Vallisneria americana was similar under simulated environmental conditions in 1946 and in 1954, as was the potential persistence of Potamogeton pectinatus, indicating that the disappearance of V. americana from Peoria Lake (U.S.A.) previously attributed to an extended spring flood in 1954, may have been related to the combined effects of changes in water level, flow and water transparency as well as possibly other factors. 3. Recent environmental conditions (for 2000) proved not to be conducive for the colonization and persistence potential of V. americana, but would allow colonization by P. pectinatus. The construction of a hypothetical levee along the eastern descending line of the navigation channel in Upper Peoria Lake, which was expected to reduce fetch‐ and navigation‐related turbidity, did not improve the situation for V. americana and overall deteriorated the situation for P. pectinatus. Thus, such a hydraulic alteration, generally considered as beneficial for SAV restoration, may not always be successful. 4. The results of the simulations indicated that the environmental conditions for potential persistence in Peoria Lake were generally less favourable for V. americana than for P. pectinatus. Measures suggested to restore SAV communities in such a lake should aim at reducing concentrations of total suspended solids at the point of inflow by a factor of three to four and limiting fetch‐ and navigation‐related resuspension.     

菹草石芽大小和贮藏温度对萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过萌发实验探讨了菹草石芽重量和贮藏温度对石芽萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：成熟的菹草石芽大小不一,按鲜重划分重量等级,各等级石芽数量占总数量的百分比差异很大,重量中等的石芽数量占到80%以上;重量对石芽最终萌发率没有影响,但重量小的石芽萌发时间较早,重量大的石芽虽然萌发较晚但是最终萌生的幼苗数目较多。石芽重量和萌发结束时幼苗数目之间呈显著的线性正相关(p＜0.05);连续去苗过程中,重量大的石芽萌发率和萌发幼苗数保持较高水平;经过贮藏的石芽与未经贮藏的石芽相比,萌发快且萌发整齐。经过15℃贮藏的石芽萌发最早,高温(25℃)和低温(4℃)贮藏均会使石芽最终萌发出的幼苗数目减少,3种温度下贮藏的石芽最终萌发率和幼苗长度无显著差异。     

Heavy metal accumulation of Danube river aquatic plants — indication of chemical contamination

In this paper, the ecological status of a section of the Danube River flowing through Serbia from Bezdan to Djerdap was evalutated. Using the chemical composition of water, sediment samples from the littoral zone and dominant aquatic macrophytes, the level of chemical pollution was ascertained. Chemical analyses of the water and sediment indicated that the tributaries flowing into the Danube significantly influenced the chemical load of the water and as a direct consequence, the sediment. The concentration of heavy metals including Cu, Mn and Cd found in plants of the Potamogeton genus, further indicated significant chemical pollution, establishing a clear link between the chemical composition of plant tissues and the chemical composition of water and sediment. This paper therefore describes how the chemical composition of aquatic plants can be used as a reliable indicator for heavy metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems.     

菹草对湖泊沉积物磷状态的影响

武昌野芷湖湾菹草(PotamogetoncrispusL.)生物量较高位置的沉积物显示明显较高的磷吸附指数,以及据Langmuir方程:C/X=C/Xm+K×1/Xm导出的最大吸附量与吸附强度,这一结果在不同时期与不同采样深度均有体现,故提高沉积物磷的吸附能力应为菹草维持水体较低营养水平的重要机制。铁结合态磷是沉积物磷的主要存在形式,吸附能力的提高可由有机质及其与铁的相互作用部分地得到解释。不同时期菹草生物量较高的沉积物表现明显较低的碱性磷酸酶活性与最大反应速度,降低沉积物有机磷的酶促分解速率应为菹草维持水体低营养水平的另一机制。     

Hg2+、Cd2+和Cu2+对菹草光合系统及保护酶系统的毒害作用

研究了Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 对高等水生沉水植物菹草光合系统及保护酶系统的毒害作用。结果表明 :3种离子均使菹草叶片叶绿体自发荧光强度、叶绿素含量、光合速率降低。Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 对菹草保护酶系统存在不同的影响 ,短时间低浓度条件下 ,诱导超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD )、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升 ,随着污染时间的延长、污染浓度的增加 ,酶活性下降 ,其中SOD活性上升持续时间最长 ,下降最慢。 3种离子均使菹草可溶性蛋白含量减少。Hg2 、Cu2 毒性较强 ,Cd2 毒性较弱。Hg2 、Cu2 对菹草的致死浓度为 0 .5～ 1mg/L ,Cd2 为 1～ 2 .5mg/L     

重金属镉、锌在菹草叶细胞中的超微定位观察

水环境污染中十分突出的是重金属的污染 ,主要来源为流入物、渗漏和大气沉降 (Ｌａｒｃｈｅｒ ,1995 )。由于重金属污染物不但不能被微生物所分解 ,而且能在生物体内富集 ,并通过水生食物链的生物放大作用而对高营养级的生物甚至人类造成危害 ,因此日益引起人们的特别关注。许多研究从超微结构损伤和生理生化的角度研究了重金属对植物的毒害机制。施国新等 (2 0 0 0 )观察了重金属汞、镉污染对水生植物黑藻叶细胞的超微结构损伤。彭鸣等 (1991)研究了重金属镉、铅诱导的玉米超微结构的变化。李荣春 (2 0 0 0 )研究了Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ及其复合污染…