Early-stage litter decomposition and its influencing factors in the wetland of the Sanjiang Plain, China

Using the litter bag technique, the decomposition rates and their influencing factors were studied by investigating three wetland macrophytes, Calamagrostics angustifolia, Carex meyeriana and Carex lasiocapa, in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. It was revealed that C. lasiocapa lost 28.91% of its weight, C. angustifolia lost 31.98% and C. meyeriana lost 32.99% after 164 days. Another finding was that the amount of organic carbon in the litter of C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa fluctuated, but continuously decreased in that of C. meyeriana. However, all the three types of litter released organic carbon. Nitrogen was released substantially from the litter of both C. angustifolia and C. meyeriana, but accumulated in the litter of C. lasiocapa. Phosphorus concentrations in all the three types of litter apparently decreased first and then slightly increased. Overall, P release was observed in all the three types of litter. The C/N and C/P ratios varied significantly in the decomposition process. The decomposition rates and nutrient content variations were simultaneously influenced by the quality of the litter as well as the environmental factors in the Sanjian Plain, but they were more strongly affected by the quality of the litter.     

三江平原不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳组分及含量差异

土壤活性有机碳对土壤干扰的反应较快,是土壤有机碳早期变化的敏感性指标。近50年来,三江平原湿地土壤有机碳库受农事活动影响较大。为了探讨不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳主要组分土壤可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、微生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和易氧化有机碳(Easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)的分布差异及主要影响因子,选择了三江平原洪河自然保护区4种典型的湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)为研究对象。分析了不同湿地类型土壤可溶性有机碳,微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳在0—30 cm土层内的分布特征和分配比例及其与有机碳、土壤养分和酶活性指标(蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶)之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)4种湿地类型土壤DOC、MBC和EOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少。不同湿地类型之间土壤活性有机碳含量在0—30 cm土层内存在显著性差异(P0.05),相对于长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地而言,未淹水的小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地具有较高的DOC,MBC和EOC含量。(2)土壤DOC、MBC和EOC占有机碳比例分别为0.27%—0.63%,1.27%—5.94%和19.63%—41.25%。土壤DOC所占比例呈先增后减的变化趋势,最大的比例均出现在10—20 cm。MBC所占比例在土壤剖面上则未表现出一致的变化规律,而EOC所占比例则随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。(3)土壤DOC占SOC比例以小叶章湿地最高,MBC和EOC占SOC的比例则以小叶章+沼柳湿地最高。而长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地则具有更低的DOC,MBC和EOC比例。(4)综合分析表明,4种湿地类型土壤DOC,MBC和EOC两两之间存在极显著相关性关系,它们除了与碳氮比相关性不显著外,与土壤有机碳,全氮,全磷养分和酶活性指标间相关性均达到极显著水平,尤其是与有机碳和全氮的相关性系数更高,此外DOC与纤维素酶,MBC与过氧化氢酶相关性更大。由此可见,土壤碳氮磷养分和酶活性是影响土壤活性有机碳组分分布的重要因素。     

Migration and retention of dissolved iron in three mesocosm wetlands

Three mesocosm wetlands (250 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm) with different wetland plants (Calamgrostis angustifolia, CA, Carex lasiocarpa, CL, and C. angustifolia/C. lasiocarpa mixture, AL, respectively) and hydrologic regimes were set to test migration and retention of exogenous dissolved iron ((NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂of 40 mg Fe(II) L⁻¹) in the Sanjiang Plain Wetland in northeast China. The experiment was designed as two stages: open migration period (OMP) for 1.5 d and close retention period (CRP) for 28.5 d. Based on the outflow Fe(II) concentration during the OMP, retention efficiencies (RE) and iron retention fluxes adjusted by area (RF_ad) in the three mesocosm wetlands were calculated, and the migration of iron were modeled using the first-order kinetic model. Outflow pH decreased gradually from a weak alkaline condition to a weak acid condition during the OMP, and then increased during the CRP, while outflow Eh and DO decreased during the experiment. The three mesocosm wetlands had considerable RE ranging from 75% to 98%, with the averaged RF_ad of 4.31 ± 0.17, 4.20 ± 0.16, and 4.37 ± 0.13 g m⁻² h⁻¹ for CA, CL, and AL, respectively. The reduction conditions in the mesocosm wetlands developed after 4 d or 12 d and the former retained iron during the OMP became mobile and discharged primarily in the form of Fe(III). The first-order kinetic model could simulate the outflow concentration of dissolved iron during the OMP (R² = 0.91, 0.69, and 0.68 for CA, CL, and AL, respectively), while the outflow dissolved iron during the CMP was difficult to model because the changed pH and Eh conditions in the mesocosm wetlands cause the former precipitated iron to be mobile after several days.     

Spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the North China Plain

A monitoring network of nine sites was established to determine the spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in the North China Plain (NCP) over a two-year period. The annual bulk deposition of inorganic N in the North China Plain ranged from 18.4 to 38.5 kg/hm² and averaged 28.0 kg/hm². The concentration of NH₄ -N and NO₃^--N in rainwater averaged 3.76 and 1.85 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than the values at background sites in China (normally less than 0.5 mg/L). Annual bulk deposition of inorganic N in the Beijing area (32.5 kg/hm²) was higher than that in Shandong and Hebei provinces (21.2 kg/hm² on an average). Also bulk N deposition was much greater in Dongbeiwang and Fangshan than in Yanqing and Shunyi counties. Significant spatial variation of bulk deposition was observed in the Beijing area because of variation of precipitation, and 60% of bulk deposition occurred from June to September. Bulk deposition of NH₄ -N was 2.0 times that of NO₃^--N deposition at the rural monitoring sites. However, the situation was reversed at the Beijing Academy of Agricultural-Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), the unique urban monitoring site. The results suggest that reduced N in precipitation is dominant in rural regions, but oxidized N is the major form in urban regions. The positive relationship between inorganic N deposition and precipitation can be fitted by a power equation (r²= 0.67), showing an increase of NH₄ -N and NO₃^--N inputs with increased precipitation. Wet deposition of N accounted for 73% of the bulk deposition, implying that dry deposition of N, particularly NH₄ -N from dust, is important in the North China Plain.     

全球气候变化背景下华北平原气候资源变化趋势

在全球气候变化的大背景下,过去几十年,华北平原气候资源也发生了相应的变化,这一变化对该区域的粮食生产将产生深刻的影响。利用华北平原1961-2007年逐日气候资料,探讨了不同年代际间该区域气候资源的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:气候变暖使华北平原热量资源更加丰富,全区≥0℃和≥10℃积温呈整体增加趋势,空间分布呈北移东扩的变化特征;且气候带移动特征明显,向北移动了3个纬度,约300多km。过去47a,华北区域年降水量呈下降趋势,平均下降速率为18mm/10a。夏、秋两季降水量呈减少趋势,速率在25-40mm/10a之间;春、冬两季降水量呈微弱增加趋势,但增加幅度小于夏、秋两季的减少幅度。年平均参考作物蒸散量呈整体下降趋势,减幅小于降水量的变化趋势。全区日照时数显著减少,纬向分布特征明显,以大中城市附近减少最为突出。     

华北平原参考作物蒸散量变化特征及气候影响因素

参考作物蒸散量是估算作物需水量的关键因子,对指导农田灌溉是有十分重要的现实意义。在气候变化的背景下,利用Penman-Monteith方法,计算华北平原典型站点1961 2007年逐日参考作物蒸散量,并从能量平衡和动力学角度对其分解,分析年际变化和季节变化特征;结合数理统计方法,研究影响参考作物蒸散量及其构成项变化的主次气候因子,为该区农田水分管理提供更有效的科学指导。研究结果表明:在华北平原全区温度显著上升、日照时数,相对湿度,平均风速呈显著下降的背景下,绝大部分站点参考作物蒸散量及构成项呈显著下降趋势。夏季的参考作物蒸散量和辐射项值相对最高,冬季值最低;春季的空气动力学项值相对比例最高。辐射项与空气动力学项年际间呈负相关关系,春夏两季之间呈不显著正相关趋势,秋冬两季呈不显著负相关趋势。辐射项的变化主要受日照时数、风速及温度的影响,其中风速的贡献是负效应;空气动力学项的变化主要受风速、相对湿度及平均温度的影响,相对湿度的贡献是负效应。参考作物蒸散量的变化主要受日照时数、相对湿度、温度日较差和风速的综合影响。此外,降水与其呈显著负相关关系,下降幅度略高于参考作物蒸散量的变化幅度。     

1940—2002年长江中下游平原乡村景观区域中土地利用覆被及其土壤有机碳储量变化

过去60a来,长江中下游平原的乡村地区发展迅速,引起土地利用覆被及其土壤有机碳储量明显地变化。通过选取区域代表性样方、基于1942年航片和2002年IKONOS影像研究小尺度土地利用覆被变化、土壤取样和收集1965年前土壤有机碳历史数据,用尺度推绎和蒙特卡洛不确定性分析方法,评价了19402002年长江中下游平原人口密集的乡村景观区域中土地利用覆被的面积及其030cm土壤(或底泥)有机碳储量的变化。结果表明:近60a来,在86×103km2的区域中有47%的面积发生土地利用覆被转化,其中耕地转化为非耕地的面积为21%(18×103km2)。土地利用覆被类型转化及其有机碳密度的变化导致该区域土壤有机碳储量的净增加。该区域稻田和闲置水域面积分别减少了21.5%(18.5×103km2)和6.7%(5.7×103km2),导致其土壤(或底泥)有机碳储量分别减少41.8TgC和12.9TgC;而水产养殖、非渗漏表面为主的建筑用地、种植木本作物和种植1年生作物的水浇地面积分别增加了14.2%(12.2×103km2)、7.7%(6.7×103km2)、3.5%(3.0×103km2)和2.0%(1.7×103km2),使其土壤(或底泥)有机碳储量分别增加32.2TgC、22.2TgC、12.2TgC和6.5TgC。近60a来,整个区域030cm土壤有机碳的储量增加了18.2TgC,其净增加的可能性为75%,形成了弱碳汇。这主要是由于区域稻田土壤有机碳密度增加了17%,使区域土壤有机碳储量增加了22.2TgC(其净增加的可能性为92%);而且,稻田转化为种植木本作物和种植1年生作物的水浇地也使区域土壤有机碳储量分别增加了1.3TgC(净增加的可能性为86%)和0.3TgC(净增加的可能性为70%);此外,闲置水域转化为水产养殖也使区域土壤有机碳储量增加1.3TgC(净增加的可能性为77%)。但是,稻田转化为水产养殖和非渗漏表面为主的建筑用地导致区域土壤有机碳储量损失6.3TgC和0.6TgC。因稻田土壤有机碳密度增加及稻田转化类型的土壤有机碳储量变化的影响,使整个区域形成弱碳汇,但如果稻田继续减少的话,很可能变成碳源。通过选取区域代表性样方、研究小尺度土地利用覆被变化、土壤取样和收集土壤历史数据,采用尺度推绎方法,研究揭示了19402002年长江中下游平原人口密集的乡村景观区域中土地利用覆被的面积及其土壤有机碳储量的变化。     

基于CVM的三江平原湿地非使用价值评价

基于条件价值评估法(CVM)这一当前国际上流行的生态系统经济价值评价方法,对三江平原湿地的非使用价值进行了研究。研究中采用实地调研的方式,进行支付意愿问卷调查,共发放支付卡式CVM问卷552份,回收有效问卷513份。分别采用非参数估计和参数估计方法对调查数据进行分析处理,评价了三江平原湿地的非使用价值,得出三江平原湿地2007年人均支付意愿为71.66元/a,并进一步计算出三江平原湿地的非使用价值为24.638亿元/a。该值仅为三江平原湿地部分,如果扩大到三江平原涵盖的所有自然资源,其值还将大幅上扬。三江平原蕴含的自然资源价值是巨大的,保护三江平原的生态环境也将创造巨大的价值,研究结论使得湿地环境保护和开发的价值对比成为可能,为政府相关政策的制定提供理论基础。     

高羊茅草对盐碱地原油污染土壤微生物的影响

采用常规土壤理化分析和Biolog-Eco微孔板鉴定系统,研究了松嫩平原盐碱土地区高羊茅草的生长对原油污染土壤pH、总盐含量和微生物群落的影响.结果表明: 石油污染导致表征土壤微生物代谢活性的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、物种多样性指数和碳源利用数增加, 微生物碳源利用模式发生改变.高羊茅草对石油污染土壤有较好的修复作用,降低了土壤pH和石油烃(TPH)含量,提高了土壤含水率.高羊茅草根际土壤的AWCD和碳源利用丰富度指数明显高于裸地土壤,为其根际微生物的生长发育提供了适宜的环境.     

松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列植物多样性的空间格局

物种多样性格局是国际生物多样性科学前沿领域热点问题.本文以松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列(6种植物群落、144个斑块)为研究对象,系统地探讨了其α、β和γ多样性空间格局及其机理.结果表明:在羊草草甸退化演替系列中共发现87种植物,但没有一种能分布于所有斑块;羊草+鸡儿肠群落或羊草群落的α、β和γ多样性较高,多稀有种和特有种;碱地肤群落最低,少稀有种,无特有种;γ多样性与α多样性显著正相关,但与β多样性无相关性.各植物群落的α多样性与单个斑块面积呈显著幂函数关系,β多样性(相似性指数Sjk)仅羊草+鸡儿肠群落呈显著幂函数关系;斑块平均面积和总面积与α、γ多样性呈显著正相关,与β多样性无相关性.群落的物种丰富度越高,稀有种和特有种就越多,物种在局域斑块上灭绝的可能性越大;β多样性在物种多样性格局中的重要性与生境破碎化程度有关.