对叶榕榕果内生细菌分离鉴定及抑菌活性的研究

【目的】为植物-内生细菌的生态关系研究, 以及植物内生细菌资源的利用提供一定的依据。【方法】采用微生物学传统分离培养的方法从对叶榕果实中分离到内生细菌54株, 通过限制性酶切分析(ARDRA)共有16个操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units, OTUs), 对16株代表菌株16S rDNA序列系统发育分析。【结果】16个菌株都找到了与其相似性最高的菌株, 相似性达到95%?100%。其中6株为芽孢杆菌Bacillus属, 为对叶榕果实内生细菌优势菌属; 3株为Staphylococcus属, 2株为Pseudomonas属, 1株为Serrata属, 1株为非培养细菌的同源菌, 1株为Kocuria属, 1株为Delftia属, 还有1株为Acinetobacter属。【结论】这16株内生菌在系统发育树中明显聚为两大支; 在参与抑菌试验的14株内生菌中, 有13株对受试菌有不同程度的拮抗作用。尤其是其中的芽孢菌属的Swx15和不动杆菌属的Swx25菌株, 抑菌作用较强, 且有较广的抑菌谱性。     

Metal corrosion by aerobic bacteria isolated from stimulated corrosion systems: Effects of additional nitrate sources

Many microorganisms are reported to influence the corrosive behaviour of mild steel and stainless steel in different habitats. In this study, 40 bacterial strains were isolated from corroded mild steel and stainless steel coupons in the nitrate supplemented environments. The corrosion abilities of the isolates against the mild steel and stainless steel coupons were tested with or without additional nitrate sources. The presence of bacterial isolates alone stimulated the corrosion of mild steel coupons. Most of the bio-corrosion processes of mild steel coupons were mitigated by adding nitrate supplement with bacterial isolates. The effects of bacterial isolates and additional nitrogen sources on corrosion of stainless steels were varied. Not all bacterial isolates stimulated the corrosion on stainless steel during the study period. Unlike the effects on mild steel coupons, additional NaNO₃ might stimulate, retard the corrosion rate by the bacterial isolates or have limited effects. Similar results were obtained when NH₄NO₃ was used. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all isolates were closely related. The majority of the bacterial isolates from corroded metal coupons were identified as Bacillus species. Others were identified as Pseudomonas sp., Marinobacter sp., and Halomonas species. The results prove that the isolated aerobic microorganisms do play a role in the corrosion process of stainless and mild steel. Adding additional nitrate sources might be a tool to mitigate corrosion of mild steel which was stimulated by the presence of bacteria. However, to prevent the corrosion of stainless steels, it might need a trial and errors approach in each case.     

广州市风水林群落空间异质性及其对区域物种多样性的贡献

以广州地区村边风水林为研究对象,选取了67个风水林斑块,并在每个斑块内建立了一个20m×20m的样方,调查了其胸径大于1cm的植物组成。首先以种面积关系外推法和非参数法估计了风水林群落对区域生物多样性的贡献;然后以加法准则拆分了gamma多样性,以分析风水林群落物种组成的异质性;最后根据每个风水林群落的物种丰富度、稀有种(在所有群落中只出现一次的物种)数目和谱系多样性分析了在保护中需要优先考虑的区域。结果发现：（1）广州地区风水林群落至少保存了32.74%的区域物种多样性;（2）gamma多样性(184)中绝大部分由beta多样性(163.43)构建,只有很小部分来自于alpha多样性(20.57)。这表明风水林群落在物种组成上具有较高的空间异质性,要想尽可能多地保护风水林内物种多样性,就需要尽可能多地保护风水林群落斑块;（3）相对于平原地区,位于山区的风水林群落具有更高的物种丰富度和谱系多样性以及更多的稀有种数目。在保护资金和土地资源有限的情况下,位于山区的风水林群落应该给予优先考虑。     

第六次北极科学考察海洋沉积物可培养细菌的多样性分析

【目的】研究北极海洋沉积物可培养细菌的菌种资源多样性。【方法】采用海水Zobell2216E培养基和涂布平板法对第六次北极科学考察获得的海洋沉积物开展细菌分离培养,通过16S rRNA基因系统发育分析了解可培养细菌的多样性。【结果】根据菌落形态特征,从40个站位的北极海洋沉积物样品中共分离并获得16S rRNA基因有效序列的细菌达445株;基于16S rRNA基因的相似性分析与系统发育研究结果表明,分离获得的细菌分属于细菌域的4个门、6个纲、13个目、28个科、49个属、91个种,其中γ-Proteobacteria占大多数;有12株与模式菌株的16S rRNA基因序列相似性小于97%,可能代表了6个潜在的细菌新物种;此次获得的细菌种类组成与以往第五次北极科考获得的相比,在属水平上差异较大。【结论】北极海洋沉积物中存在着丰富的微生物菌种资源,具有很多新型微生物仍未被发现,是亟待开发的微生物资源宝库。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区传统发酵乳中乳酸菌的多样性分析

【目的】对内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区传统发酵乳制品中乳酸菌资源的生物多样性进行研究。【方法】采用纯培养和16S rRNA基因序列分析法对内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区传统发酵乳中的乳酸菌进行多样性分析。【结果】从8份传统发酵乳制品(6份酸牛奶和2份酸马奶)样品中分离到24株乳酸菌,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析和系统进化关系分析将24株乳酸菌鉴定为2株Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens、2株Lactobacillus kefiri、5株Lactobacillus paracasei、3株Lactobacillus plantarum、1株Lactobacillus rhamnosus、6株Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis、2株Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.dextranicum、2株Streptococcus thermophilus和1株Enterococcus faecium。【结论】Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis为内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区传统发酵乳制品的优势菌种,占总分离株的25%,其次为Lactobacillus paracasei,占总分离株的20.83%。     

Nitrile metabolism in fungi: A review of its key enzymes nitrilases with focus on their biotechnological impact

Nitriles are abundant in the plant kingdom. The ability to detoxify them is beneficial for microbes living in the plant environment. Nitrilases (NLases; EC 3.5.5.-), which hydrolyze nitriles to carboxylic acids, have been well characterized in bacteria, and classified into various substrate-specificity subtypes (aromatic NLases, aliphatic NLases, arylacetoNLases). NLases also occur in filamentous fungi, mainly in Ascomycota (subdivision Pezizomycotina), as documented by genome mining. However, the investigation of NLases in fungi has been delayed compared to bacteria. Only a few NLases (aromatic NLases) were purified from native fungal strains (mainly Fusarium), which were grown under suitable induction conditions. Over a few past years, the spectrum of known fungal NLases was broadened by expressing fungal NLase genes in Escherichia coli. Thus functional NLases were reported for the first time in fungi of genera Auricularia, Macrophomina, Nectria, Neurospora, Pichia, Talaromyces, Trichoderma and Trichophyton. Two major substrate-specificity subtypes were identified in them, i.e. aromatic NLases and arylacetoNLases, apart from a few NLases with broad substrate specificities. The biotechnological impact of fungal arylacetoNLases was explored with a focus on the enantioselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-mandelonitrile, the selective hydrolysis of one cyano group in dinitriles and the hydrolysis of nitrile precursors of the taxol sidechain. Despite recent advances, the wealth of fungal NLases whose sequences have been deposited in databases has not yet been fully exploited. Overproduction in E. coli has the potential to bring these NLases to life. This will enable to estimate the natural roles of NLases in fungi and will also provide new catalysts for biotechnological uses.     

Tiankengomelania guangxiense,gen. et sp. nov., a dark septate endophytic fungus,promotes the growth of the medicinal orchid Dendrobium officinale

Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Its growth is slow, however many dark septate endophytic fungi (DSEs) are considered useful to plant growth and as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. The goals of this study were to identify a new DSE and evaluate its plant-growth promotion characteristics. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence, a DSE fungal strain TK815 isolated from Dashiwei Tiankengs in Leye county Guangxi Province, China, was classified as a novel genus in the order Cheatothyriales, namely Tiankengomelania gen. nov. typified with T. guangxiense sp. nov. Tiankengomelania guangxiense TK815 can significantly promote the growth of D. officinale in stem length (11.25%), seedling height (16.97%), root length (10.34%), and dry weight (41.05%). This study discovered, described, and illustrated a new DSE fungus, and evaluated its biological function in contributing to the growth and production of the Chinese medicinal plant D. officinale.     

云南被子植物蔷薇分支的进化历史研究

本文以云南被子植物蔷薇分支为研究对象,基于物种间的演化关系,结合其地理分布,从进化历史的角度探讨了物种、特有种、受威胁物种的种类组成及系统发育组成的分布格局,并整合自然保护地的空间分布,对生物多样性的重点保护区域进行识别。结果显示：云南被子植物蔷薇分支的物种密度与系统发育多样性、特有种密度、受威胁物种密度均呈显著正相关,云南南部和西北部是物种丰富度与系统发育多样性最为丰富的区域;就云南整体而言,蔷薇分支的标准化系统发育多样性较低;云南南部、东南部、西北部是蔷薇分支的重点保护区域。