Temporal variation of species composition and species diversity in permanent grassland plots with different fertilizer treatments

Plant Ecology - In 1963 a set of seven treatments X three replieates, situated in East-Flanders (Belgium), was sown with a seed mixture of eight grass species and one clover species. Seven...     

Thin-layer isoelectric focusing of polyphenoloxidase of Sephadex and its detection by the print technique.

Separation of polyphenoloxidase isoenzymes based on their charge properties was achieved by isoelectric focusing on Sephadex G-75 thin layers containing a mixture of ampholytes in the pH ranges 4–6 and 3–10. The separated isoenzymes can be detected as colored zones by a print technique in which a dried filter paper, previously buffered with 0.1 m phosphate buffer, pH 7,0, and impregnated with 1% substrate in methanol, is placed onto the gel layer. d-Catechin and tyramine were the best substrates for detecting the diphenolase and monophenolase activities, respectively. Using this technique, two commercial preparations of mushroom tyrosinase were found to consist of 7 and 15 isoenzymes, while enzyme preparations from two potato varleties showed 11 to 15 isoenzymes. The isoenzymes of potato and mushroom polyphenoloxidase showed marked differences in their pI values.     

Polarized fluorescence in an electric field: steady state and transient values for the fourth moment of the orientation function at arbitrary fields

Steady state and time dependent expressions for the field dependence of the fourth moment of the orientation function at arbitrary fields, which are requested for the interpretation of polarisation of fluorescence in an electric field, have been obtained for permanent and induced dipole orientation. Some general features of the results and some problems connected with their application are pointed out.     

Regulation of the ATP-supported Ca2+ uptake by heart and liver mitochondria

The ATP-supported Ca²⁺ uptake of heart and liver mitochondria preincubated in conditions in which electron transport had either been prevented by rotenone or antimycin, or induced by oxidizable substrates, has been studied. Mitochondria preincubated with respiratory inhibitors accumulate Ca²⁺ less efficiently than mitochondria preincubated with oxidizable substrates. The difference correlates with the degree of activation of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase. The results indicate that the rate at which mitochondria take up Ca²⁺ in the ATP-supported system may be controlled by the reversible asociation of the inhibiting peptide (Pullman,. and Monroy, J. Biol. Chem., 238, 3762–3769) with the ATPase complex. Since this process appears to be modulated by the transmembrane electrochemical gradient, the latter may regulate the uptake of Ca²⁺ in a hitherto undescribed way.     

Vegetational succession in a South Swedish deciduous wood

Summary The study deals with a small South Swedish deciduous wood (Ulmo-Fraxinetum, Sjögren n.p. 1971), a national park which has been left almost undisturbed during the last 60 years. Since 1925 the number of vascular plants in the area has diminished by 42%. In the tree layerUlmus andFraxinus have increased since 1918 whileFagus has remained fairly constant andQuercus, the former dominant, has become much less important. In the shrub layer youngUlmus are predominant, while the former dominantsCorylus andCrataegus, have diminished markedly. Vegetation analyses of the field layer laid out in a fixed grid system in the years 1935, 1969/70 and 1975/76 show a decrease in both the total number of species recorded and in the number of species per sq. m.Anemone ranunculoides, Aegopodium podagraria andMercurialis perennis are species which have expanded while e.g.Anemone nemorosa, Lamium galeobdolon andGeum urbanum have diminished. Increased shading from the closer tree canopies, increased litter fall, and lower temperature at the soil surface are changes in environmental factors which probably have come about sine 1935 and may be especially important for the field and bottom layer species. The results are discussed in relation to the stability of an ecosystem and to the management of nature reserves.Lennart Lindgren and Stefan Persson were responsible for the project in 1969–1970 and 1975–1976, respectively. They compiled all the material from these investigations. Skilful assistance was given by Brita Billstein, Mimmi Varga and Tommy Wikberg.Nomenclature of species follows Lid (1974).Viola riviniana includesV. reichenbachiana as it was impossible to keep the two species separated throughout.The investigation was sponsored by the Research Council of the Swedish Environmental Board. Most of the text in this paper was prepared by the senior author as a lecture presented at the Symposium on Plant species and plant communities held at Nijmegen on the occasion of the 60th birthday of Professor Victor Westhoff.     

Sixty years of vegetation dynamics in a south boreal coniferous forest in southern Norway

Abstract. Vegetation data from permanent plots were collected in 1931, 1961 and 1991 in a south boreal forest 20 km north of Oslo in southern Norway. Major changes were found in the vegetation composition during those 60 years. The main changes were a reduction in the frequency of species and the frequency of joint occurrences of vascular species such as Andromeda polifolia, Calluna vulgaris, Cornus suecica, Eriophorum vaginatum, Maianthemum bifolium, Melampyrum pratense, Trientalis europaea, Vaccinium uliginosum and V. oxycoccus, and mosses, e.g. Dicranum fuscescens, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilidium ciliare and Ptilium crista-castrensis. The observed changes were interpreted as being induced by internal processes e.g. notably a long-term change from paludified forest to mesic forest. In particular the growth of Picea abies seems to be a main driving force. The dominance of Picea abies and Vaccinium myrtillus appears to have rendered the conditions more unfavourable for other species. A doubling of the living stem biomass of P. abies during the last 67 yr shows that this old-growth forest has not yet reached a steady state. It was demonstrated that species such as Deschampsia flexuosa and Molinia caerulea did not increase in frequency in response to nitrogen deposition, as has occurred elsewhere in northern Europe. pH in the humus layer increased with 0.2 unit from 1961 to 1991. The results of this study indicate that protection from logging has initiated the reduction of species in the field layer and bottom layer. This study questions if monitoring of forest vegetation should be restricted to protected forests as is the practice in Scandinavia today. We recommend that also areas with some kind of selective cutting will be used for monitoring of forest vegetation.     

The limited role of canopy gaps in the successional dynamics of a mature mixed Quercus forest remnant

Question: Are canopy gap dynamics responsible for driving the structural and compositional changes that have occurred over a 26‐year period in a mature Quercus forest remnant? Location: Dobbs Natural Area, an unlogged 3.6‐ha forest preserve in west‐central Indiana, USA. Methods: We analyzed mapped permanent plot data for a site that illustrates a trend common in Quercus‐dominated forests in eastern North America, where recruitment of new stems is dominated by mesophytic, shade‐tolerant species such as Acer saccharum, rather than Quercus. We developed a GIS database from stand census measurements taken in 1974 and 2000, employing it to conduct tree‐by‐tree comparisons that allow direct determination of ingrowth, mortality and survivorship, and to relate the spatial patterns of subcanopy dynamics to canopy gap occurrence. Results: The re‐census shows modest changes in canopy composition, but much greater turnover in the subcanopy. Nearly half of all individuals originally present died; much of this mortality resulted from a major decline in subcanopy Ulmus americana. While overall density remained fairly constant, the subcanopy experienced substantial ingrowth of shade‐tolerant Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, and Tilia americana. Canopy gaps, although forming at rates in the upper range of regional averages, did not significantly benefit subcanopy populations of Quercus spp. or most other taxa with limited shade tolerance. Conclusions: Canopy gaps play a minor role in driving the recent demographic trends of this stand. The spatial and temporal scales of light availability in gaps do not support regeneration of most shade‐intolerant species. Compositional change parallels a historical shift in light regimes.     

磁场对急性胃损伤的治疗效应及其机制的实验研究

目的:探讨腹部磁场作用,对大鼠血液及胃粘膜组织中胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)、胃动素(motilin,MTL)和生长抑素(somatostain,SS),以及胃排空的效应。方法:10只Wistar健康雄性大鼠,腹部接受表面磁强度为1300-1600GS,钡铁氧体恒磁场作用3小时,以放射免疫法,分别测定大鼠血及胃粘膜组织中GAS、MLT及SS含量,用99mTc标记的碳粉糊剂灌胃法,测试胃排空率。结果:恒磁场腹部作用后,大鼠血GAS、MLT及SS水平较对照组,均无显著变化(p均>0.05);胃粘膜组织中,GAS含量无明显改变(p>0.05),MLT水平明显升高(p<0.01),SS水平明显降低(p<0.01);胃排空率无明显改变(p>0.05)。结论:腹部1300-1600GS恒磁场作用3小时,均不能显著调节大鼠血中MLT和SS,以及血和胃粘膜组织内GAS水平;可明显影响胃粘膜内MLT及SS水平;对大鼠胃排空率无明显效应。     

禾本科植物叶片表皮气孔观察的样品制备方法改良

对现有的禾本科植物叶片气孔观察的样品制作方法中的不足作了一些改良。改良后的方法操作简便、耗时少、样品制备成功率高,且放大后的效果好,不会造成气孔形态的改变。改良方法适用于禾本科植物和其他叶肉紧实不易剥离的植物叶片。50%NaClO处理3min最适用于小麦旗叶表皮样品的制备。