中国伊蝽属记述(半翅目,蝽科)

伊蝽属全世界已知5种,目前,中国己知有4种,即双带伊蝽Aenaria bivitta sp.nov.,伊蝽A.lewisi(Scott),宽缘伊蝽Aenaria pinchii Yang和直缘伊蝽Aenaria zhangi Chen.双带伊蝽,新种Aenaria bivitta sp.nov.新种与该属模式种伊蝽A.lewisi(Scott,1874)相似,主要区别如下:新种双带伊蝽腹下中央刻点无色,生殖囊腹缘具两个末端尖锐的黑色突起,阳基侧突感觉叶为细长的指状;而伊蝽腹下中央有一条黑色刻点组成的纵条带,生殖囊腹缘不具任何突起,阳基侧突感觉叶为宽钝的三角形.     

Effects of carotenoid sequestration on a caterpillar's cryptic coloration and susceptibility to predation

Carotenoids are used for many functions by animals, including combining with other pigments to produce aposematic and cryptic coloration. Carotenoids in combination with blue pigments are responsible for green coloration in many caterpillars, and thus carotenoid sequestration may reduce their contrast against a green foliage background. We tested the hypothesis that carotenoid sequestration reduces contrast and enhances survival by rearing Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Brassica oleracea L. var. Acephala (Brassicaceae) leaves and exposing them to predators. We found that carotenoids derived from the host plant are partially excreted, along with chlorophyll, but also sequestered in hemolymph. Larvae that were given plants that provided carotenoids showed less contrast against their host plants within 1 day compared to larvae that were not provided with carotenoids. Last, both short‐term field observations and laboratory trials of larvae caged with predatory Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs showed that survival of carotenoid‐sequestering larvae was higher compared to larvae that did not sequester. These results suggest that carotenoid sequestration may be an important adaptive strategy that reduces susceptibility to natural enemies that hunt by sight. Further research that examines the mechanisms by which carotenoids are absorbed and modified will lend insights into the evolution of carotenoids functioning as passive defensive compounds.     

Measuring host plant selection and retention of Halyomorpha halys by a trap crop

Trap cropping may exploit a pest's dispersal and host selection behavior in order to protect a desired crop. Here, we used a combination of visual sampling, immunomarking, and harmonic radar to assess host plant selection and retention time of the highly mobile and invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), as it moves within and between a polyculture trap crop of sorghum and sunflower, and a bell pepper cash crop. Visual sampling demonstrated no significant differences in H. halys densities across crops, whereas dislodging stink bugs to collect for protein analysis revealed ca. 4× more bugs in the trap crop plants than in the peppers. In total 145 H. halys were collected and of these 6% were doubly marked with proteins, demonstrating that minimal movement occurred between the two planting systems. Tracking tagged H. halys with harmonic radar revealed that the trap crop retained adult H. halys within the plots 1.5× longer and reduced their movement by nearly half compared with bugs released in the pepper cash crop. The data suggest the trap crop of sunflower plus sorghum has the potential to attract and arrest the invasive H. halys, demonstrating that trap cropping may operate as an effective management tool.     

Phenology of brown marmorated stink bug described using female reproductive development

Temperature‐based degree‐day models describe insect seasonality and to predict key phenological events. We expand on the use of a temperature‐based process defining timing of reproduction through the incorporation of female reproductive physiology for the invasive pentatomid species Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug. A five‐stage ranking system based on ovary development was able to distinguish between the reproductive statuses of field‐collected females. Application of this ranking method described aspects of H. halys’ seasonality, overwintering biology, and phenology across geographic locations. Female H. halys were collected in the US from NJ, WV, NC, OR, and two sites in PA in 2006–2008 (Allentown, PA only) and 2012–2014. Results identify that H. halys enters reproductive diapause in temperate locations in the fall and that a delay occurs in developmental maturity after diapause termination in the spring. Modification of the Snyder method to identify biofix determined 12.7‐hr photoperiod as the best fit to define initiation of reproduction in the spring. Applying the biofix, we demonstrated significant differences between locations for the rate at which the overwintering generation transition into reproductive status and the factors contributing to this difference require further study. For example, after including abiotic variables influencing development such as temperature and photoperiod (critical diapause cue), reproduction occurred earlier in OR and for an extended period in NJ. This data describe a method to investigate insect seasonality by incorporating physiological development across multiple regions that can clarify phenology for insects with overlapping generations.     

Broadleaf privet, Ligustrum lucidum Aiton (Oleaceae), a late-season host for Nezara viridula (L.), Plautia affinis Dallas and Glaucias amyoti (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in northern New South Wales, Australia

Abstract Seasonal abundances of the pentatomids Nezara viridula , Plautia affinis and Glaucias amyoti were monitored on the introduced weed, broadleaf privet, Ligustrum lucidum from January 1998 to July 2000 at Moree, New South Wales, Australia. All developmental stages (eggs, nymphal instars and adults) of N. viridula , P. affinis and G. amyoti were recovered from privet. For all species, adult and nymphal densities peaked from February to May, coincident with privet fruiting. Nymphs of each species successfully developed when fed L. lucidum berries in the laboratory. The importance of L. lucidum as a host is discussed in relation to its role in maintaining populations of pentatomid pest species and in particular as a late-season host prior to overwintering.     

Effects of sequential mating by males on reproductive output of the stinkbug predator, Podisus nigrispinus

Reproductive output of the stinkbug predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was investigated as a function of the number of matings that the male had made with a range of females. After being placed with a female, virgin males were most likely to mate within 12 hours, while non-virgin males were most likely to mate within 12–24 hours. Although males lost weight during their first mating, the weights of mated and unmated males were not significantly different throughout their lifetime. Longevity was significantly greater for unmated males (36.0 days) than for mated males (29.8 days). Survival curves for both mated and unmated males were Type II. The capacity of males to transfer sperm to virgin females was not affected by previous matings. From 65.7 to 76.4% of eggs were viable and 206.7 to 274.6 nymphs were produced per female. Regardless of the number of matings that the male had made, females that had mated only once exhausted their stored sperm progressively and produced an increasing proportion of infertile eggs, which peaked at the end of their lives. These results show that P. nigrispinus females need more than one mating to maintain fertility, but their performance is not affected by the number of previous matings that the male has made or by male weight. Thus, the strategy of pairing with males multiple times improved production efficiency by increasing output and reducing food waste in mass production systems. This is achieved by temporarily pairing females at intervals of about 20 days during their entire lifetime.     

Effects of prey availability, facultative plant feeding, and plant defenses on a generalist insect predator

This study examined the effects of feeding interval, access to host plants (thus, a source of sap), and plant defenses on the predatory insect, Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The experiment consisted of a 2 × 2 design with two feeding intervals (1 day or 5 days) and predators living on either tomato plants or plastic plants. Females fed every day had greater body weights and egg hatch rates than females fed every five days. Females on tomato plants lived longer than females on plastic plants. However, access to plants did not alleviate the effects of low prey level on predator weight or reproductive output. In a second experiment, third instar nymphs were placed on either tomato plants or plastic plants for four days to examine the effects of tomato trichome defenses on these predators. Nymphs on tomato plants experienced 50% mortality compared to 15% mortality for nymphs on plastic plants. Some nymphs living on tomato plants were trapped by the hairy trichomes of the plant; others had gummed up legs from the exudates of the plants’ glandular trichomes, which inhibited their movement and ability to feed on prey. Although predators appeared to benefit from feeding on tomato plants, their ability to live on the plants was negatively affected by the defensive features of the plants. The potential effects of trichome defenses on predator survival and population dynamics must be considered when evaluating the benefits of plants on insect predator life histories and efficacy as biological control agents.     

全蝽属一新种：（半翅目：蝽科）

本文半翅目科蝽科属的新种－－陕甘全蝽。新种模式产地为甘肃天水小陇山。     

碧蝽属亚洲东部种类的修订(半翅目:蝽科)

本文重新研究了蝽科碧蝽属 Palomena Muls.et Rey的亚洲东部种类,共记述13个种。其中包括5个新种:肖氏碧蝽 P.hsiaoi sp.n.,邻碧蝽 P.similis sp.n.,西藏碧蝽 P.tibetana sp.n.,印度碧蝽 P.indica sp.n.,阿萨密碧蝽 P.assamensis sp.n.;前3种模式产地为中国,后2种模式产地为印度。在险查模式标本的基础上,提出一项新异名关系:即 P.amplificata Distant 1880为P.vuridissima(Poda)1761的次异名。并指出 P.unicolorella Kirdaldy的已有中国记录实指P.haemorrhoidalis Lindberg的一个变型。证实萧等(1977)P.prasina(L.)的中国记录为P.tibetanasp.n.的误订,而China(1925)的prasina中国记录可能实指其他种类。     

中国锯蝽属二新种：半翅目：蝽科

本文记述采自中国江西、湖南的蝽科蝽亚枓二新种:江西锯蝽Prionaca jiangxiensis sp.nov、湖南锯蝽P.hwnanensis sp.nov.,并附有图,与近似种作了特征比较。模式标本存江西农业大学植保系。