有机磷农药对土壤动物群落结构的影响研究

本文研究了有机磷农药废水灌溉对土壤动物群落结构的影响,并探讨了影响机理,结果表明,土壤动物种类和数量随着农药影响程度的增加而减少,在农药污染影响严重的１、２区,计有土壤动物２１类和２２类,动物平均密度为２８５７１个／ｍ＾２和５１２６９个／ｍ＾２,受中度和轻蔗污染影响的３、４区分别有３５类和４７类,平均密度为５９２８５个／ｍ＾２,１５６５８７个／ｍ＾２。污染区土壤动物种类的减少主要由于常见类群和稀有     

Chemical control of vine weevil larvae on container-grown hardy ornamental nursery stock 1986–1989

In a search for alternatives to the former standard aldrin compost incorporation treatment for control of vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae on container-grown hardy ornamental nursery stock, a series of 87 tests of insecticides were done at four experimental centres of the ADAS (Leeds, Reading, Wolverhampton and Wye) from 1986 to 1989. Insecticidally-treated plants and untreated controls were artificially infested with vine weevil eggs at varying intervals before and after treatment, and the survival of the pest was assessed. Aldrin treatment gave consistent and excellent preventive control of vine weevil larvae for over 2 years. Of the candidate materials tested, a slow-release granular formulation of chlorpyrifos incorporated into compost at a dose rate of 100 g a.i. m^-3 of compost gave good control for up to 34 wk after treatment (the longest period evaluated) and a micro-encapsulated slow release formulation of fonofos incorporated at a dose rate of 43.3 g a.i. m^-3 usually gave good control for up to two years (the longest period evaluated). Surface applications of these two organophosphates or of carbofuran granules, though sometimes effective, were unreliable as either preventive or remedial treatments even for short term control.     

Molecular genetic analysis of the response of three soil microbial communities to the application of 2, 4-D

The responses of three different soil microbial communities to the experimental application of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) were evaluated with a variety of molecular genetic techniques. Two of the three soil communities had histories of prior direct exposure to 2, 4-D, and one had no prior direct application of any herbicide. Dominant 2, 4-D degrading strains isolated from these soils the previous year were screened for hybridization with three catabolic genes (tfdA, tfdAII, and tfdB) cloned from the well-studied 2, 4-D degradative plasmid, pJP4, revealing varying degrees of similarity with the three genes. Hybridization of total community DNA from the three soils with the tfd gene probes also indicated that pJP4-like tfd genes were not harboured by a significant percentage of the community. Community level response was evaluated by the comparison of different treatments by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprints and by community DNA cross-hybridization. No differences between treatments within the same soil were detected in any of the RAPD fingerprints generated with 17 primers. Community DNA cross-hybridization also indicated that the application of 2, 4-D at the applied rates did not quantitatively affect the structure of the soil microbial communities present in the three soils during the time-frame studied.     

农药的轭合与结合态残留

随着科技水平的不断提高,人们对农药残留影响生态环境的认识不断在更新和完善。农药的轭合与结合残留是在标记农药的出现和高精度分析仪器和技术得到应用后被发现和认识的。国外在这方面的研究开展得较早,工作也较     

Impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the OGG1 and XRCC1 genes on modulation of DNA damage in pesticide-exposed agricultural workers in Punjab,North-West India

Abstract

Pesticide-induced DNA damage is primarily repaired by base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, polymorphism in DNA repair genes may modulate individual’s DNA repair capacity (DRC) leading to increased genotoxicity and adverse health effects. Our first study in North-West Indian population aimed to evaluate the impact of OGG1 rs1052133 (Ser326Cys; C1245G), XRCC1 rs1799782 (Arg194Trp; C26304T) and XRCC1 rs25487 (Arg399Gln; G28152A) polymorphisms on the modulation of pesticide-induced DNA damage in a total of 450 subjects (225 pesticide-exposed agricultural workers and 225 age- and sex-matched controls). DNA damage was estimated by alkaline comet assay using silver-staining method. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP using site-specific restriction enzymes. Mann-Whitney U-test revealed elevation in DNA damage parameters (p?<?0.01) in pesticide-exposed agricultural workers than controls. Chi-square test showed significant (p?<?0.05) differences in the XRCC1 Arg194Trp (C26304T) and Arg399Gln (G28152A) genotypes among two groups. Multivariate logistic-regression analysis revealed that heterozygous genotypes of OGG1 rs1052133 (326Ser/Cys; 1245CA), XRCC1 rs1799782 (194Arg/Trp; 26304CT) and XRCC1 rs25487 (399Arg/Gln; 2815GA) were positively associated (p?<?0.05) with elevated DNA damage parameters in pesticide-exposed agricultural workers. Our results strongly indicate significant positive association of variant OGG1 and XRCC1 genotypes with reduced DRC and higher pesticide-induced DNA damage in North-West Indian agricultural workers.     

Promising applications of cold plasma for microbial safety,chemical decontamination and quality enhancement in fruits

Consumers’ demand is increasing for safe foods without impairing the phytochemical and sensory quality. In turn, it has increased research interest in the exploration of innovative food processing technologies. Cold plasma technology is getting popularity now days owing to its high efficacy in decontamination of microbes in fruit and fruit-based products. As a on-thermal approach, plasma processing maintains the quality of fruits and minimizes the thermal effects on nutritional properties. Cold plasma is also exploited for inactivating enzymes and degrading pesticides as both are directly related with quality loss and presently are most important concerns in fresh produce industry. The present review covers the influence of cold plasma technology on reducing microbial risks and enhancing the quality attributes in fruits.     

储粮防护剂药效影响因素分析

针对应用防护剂防治储粮害虫时存在的问题,全面分析影响储粮防护剂药效的因素,如害虫对药剂的敏感性、药剂剂型和施药方法、粮食种类和环境条件.并探讨了相关研究结果在储粮害虫防治实践中的意义和储粮防护剂未来研究的方向.     

阿维菌素与植物精油复配对朱砂叶螨杀螨的增效作用研究

为了得到对朱砂叶螨(Tetranychuscinnabarinus)具有较好杀螨活性的植物精油与阿维菌素复配配方,并为杀螨剂开发应用提供指导,本研究采用喷雾法测定了柠檬草、广藿香、山鸡椒、亚洲薄荷植物精油及阿维菌素对朱砂叶螨的毒力,分别采用共毒因子法和共毒系数法评价了山鸡椒和亚洲薄荷精油对阿维菌素的增效作用和复配最佳配比.结果表明,柠檬草精油和广藿香精油基本无杀螨活性,山鸡椒精油、亚洲薄荷精油处理朱砂叶螨24h后LC50分别为772.801mg/L和1040.187mg/L.阿维菌素与亚洲薄荷1∶272,1∶679复配具有增效作用.阿维菌素与亚洲薄荷1∶400复配时共毒系数最大,可达160.因此,阿维菌素与亚洲薄荷1∶400复配防治朱砂叶螨具有明显增效作用,这为杀螨剂的开发应用研究提供了参考.     

Synthesis of monooxime-monocarbamoyl bispyridinium compounds bearing (E)-but-2-ene linker and evaluation of their reactivation activity against tabun- and paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase

Six AChE monooxime-monocarbamoyl reactivators with an (E)-but-2-ene linker were synthesized using modification of currently known synthetic pathways. Their potency to reactivate AChE inhibited by the nerve agent tabun and insecticide paraoxon was tested in vitro. The reactivation efficacies of pralidoxime, HI-6, obidoxime, K048, K075 and the newly prepared reactivators were compared. According to the results obtained, one reactivator seems to be promising against tabun-inhibited AChE and two reactivators against paraoxon-inhibited AChE. The best results were obtained for bisquaternary substances with at least one oxime group in position four.     

SHORT-TERM IMPACTS OF FORMULATIONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS DE BARJAC AND THE ORGANOPHOSPHATE TEMEPHOS,USED IN BLACKFLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) CONTROL,ON RHEOPHILIC BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN THE MIDDLE ORANGE RIVER,SOUTH AFRICA

Summary

The impacts of larvicides used in the control of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) on macroinvertebrates in the stones-in-current biotope were assessed during 8 field trials in the middle Orange River, South Africa. Two Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) products (Vectobac^R 12AS and Teknar^R HP-D) and the organophosphate temephos (Abate^R 200EC) were applied at recommended and high dosages to simulate “operational” and “worst-possible” scenario's respectively. Mortality was evaluated either by direct counting of invertebrates on stones before and after application, or by ranking invertebrates on a 4-point relative abundance scale before and after application. In addition, the re-appearance of benthic invertebrate population densities after temephos application was examined.

At the recommended dosage (1.2 ppm/10 min), B.t.i. significantly reduced blackfly larval numbers (P<0.001) and those of the chironomid Rheotanytarsus fuscus Freeman (P<0.05). At high dosage (20 ppm/10 min), numbers of the filter-feeding mayfly Tricorythus discolor (Burmeister) (P<0.01) and the chironomid Cardiocladius sp. (P<0.05) were also significantly reduced. No Simulium predators were directly affected by B.t.i., but there were indications of food shortage amongst Hydropsychidae and Hirudinea.

Temephos caused significant reductions in the relative abundance of 5 taxa at 0.05 ppm, 3 to 6 taxa at 0.1 ppm, and 9 taxa at 1.0 ppm (P<0.05). “Non-target” organisms which were most affected included the chironomid R. fuscus, the mayflies Baetis glaucus Agnew and Choroterpes elegans Barnard, and the caddisflies Cheumatopsyche thomasseti Ulmer and Amphipsyche scottae Kimmins. The mayfly T. discolor was tolerant of temephos, even at high dosage (1.0 ppm/10 min). In winter, most taxa re-appeared within 19 days, and population densities were back to pre-treatment levels within 35 days.

It is concluded that good reduction of blackfly populations may be obtained with minimal direct impact on the “non-target” fauna, provided recommended dosages of temephos are not exceeded. Overdosing with temephos may result in high mortality of “non-target” organisms, including blackfly predators, and should be avoided.