Investigation of the Peculiarities of Two-joint Muscles Using a 3 DOF Model of the Human Upper Limb in the Sagittal Plane: an Optimization Approach

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is an investigation of the peculiarities of biarticular muscles by means of modelling and analytical solution of the indeterminate problem. The basic model includes 10 muscle elements performing flexio/extensio in the shoulder, elbow and wrist. Four of them are biarticular muscles. Two modifications of the model with only monoarticular muscles are developed. The indeterminate problem is solved analytically using the objective criterion σc_iF_i ² where F( is the module of the i-th muscle force and Cj is a weight coefficient. The predicted muscle forces, joint reactions and moments are compared in-between the basic model and its two modifications for different joint angles, external loading and weight coefficients. The main conclusions are: it is impossible to formulate strict advantages of the biarticular muscles under quasistatical conditions, their peculiarities depend on limb position, external loading and neural control; in general, monoarticular muscles are more powerful than biarticular ones; the biarticular muscles fine tune muscle coordination, their control is more precise and graceful; the presence of biarticular muscles leads to an increase of the joint reactions and moments, thus stabilizing the limb.     

Optimization of the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues by using radial basis functions modeling and particle swarm optimization

The concentrations of glucose and total reducing sugars obtained by chemical hydrolysis of three different lignocellulosic feedstocks were maximized. Two response surface methodologies were applied to model the amount of sugars produced: (1) classical quadratic least-squares fit (QLS), and (2) artificial neural networks based on radial basis functions (RBF). The results obtained by applying RBF were more reliable and better statistical parameters were obtained. Depending on the type of biomass, different results were obtained. Improvements in fit between 35% and 55% were obtained when comparing the coefficients of determination (R²) computed for both QLS and RBF methods. Coupling the obtained RBF models with particle swarm optimization to calculate the global desirability function, allowed to perform multiple response optimization. The predicted optimal conditions were confirmed by carrying out independent experiments.     

响应面法对小球藻Chlorella zofingiensis高产虾青素条件的优化

采用析因设计法(Plackett-burman)对影响Chlorella zofingiensis高产虾青素的相关因素进行评价,发现硝酸钠、光照强度、二价铁离子及醋酸钠浓度对虾青素产量影响显著.利用中心组合设计(central composite design)及响应面分析对影响虾青素产量的关键因素做进一步的优化,得到较佳的试验点为二价铁离子浓度0.41 mmol/L,硝酸钠浓度0.8 mmol/L,醋酸钠浓度37.1 mmol/L,光照强度650 E/m2×s.优化后虾青素产量从7.890mg/L提高到19.81mg/L,比优化前提高了2.5倍.     

STEPS: A grid search methodology for optimized peptide identification filtering of MS/MS database search results

For bottom‐up proteomics, there are wide variety of database‐searching algorithms in use for matching peptide sequences to tandem MS spectra. Likewise, there are numerous strategies being employed to produce a confident list of peptide identifications from the different search algorithm outputs. Here we introduce a grid‐search approach for determining optimal database filtering criteria in shotgun proteomics data analyses that is easily adaptable to any search. Systematic Trial and Error Parameter Selection‐–referred to as STEPS‐–utilizes user‐defined parameter ranges to test a wide array of parameter combinations to arrive at an optimal “parameter set” for data filtering, thus maximizing confident identifications. The benefits of this approach in terms of numbers of true‐positive identifications are demonstrated using datasets derived from immunoaffinity‐depleted blood serum and a bacterial cell lysate, two common proteomics sample types.     

林可霉素生产中三级种子罐的发酵工艺优化

【背景】林可霉素是一种在临床应用上占有重要地位的林可酰胺类抗生素,关于调控发酵生产中三级种子罐相关参数优化林可霉素发酵工艺的研究较少。【目的】优化林可霉素发酵工艺,提高林可霉素发酵效价及市场竞争力。【方法】对林可霉素生产中三级种子罐的培养基和接种量及三级种子移种菌龄进行优化。【结果】在三级种子罐培养基中葡萄糖、淀粉、玉米浆、黄豆饼粉和硫酸铵浓度分别为64.0、5.0、15.0、14.5和3.5 g/L,三级种子罐接种量为25%及三级种子移种菌龄为60 h的优化条件下,林可霉素四级发酵效价高达7 883 U/mL,比优化前效价提高了10%。【结论】对林可霉素生产中三级种子罐相关参数进行调控,初步优化了林可霉素发酵工艺,提高了发酵效价,为优化林可霉素发酵工艺提供了新思路。     

Robust numerical solution for the two parameter solute solvent transport model

Prediction of solute and solvent transport in cells is central to developing and testing cryopreservation protocols. As we show here, however, the models used can be difficult to accurately numerically integrate in some key cases, and thus are a challenge to implement when determining the time dependent cell state during cryoprotectant equilibration and cooling. Exact solution techniques exist for overcoming this problem, but their implementation is also challenging: inversion of a nonlinear function is required that negates much of the utility of the approach. This communication describes a simple approach for more robust numerical integration that can be implemented using any numerical differential equation solver, and can facilitate arbitrarily accurate solutions to transport models without the complication of inversion formulae or complicated numerical integration schemes. Further, a simple relevant example of red blood cell equilibration with 40% glycerol is presented with comments on extending the approach to other settings.     

Comparing methods for metabolic network analysis and an application to metabolic engineering

Bioinformatics tools have facilitated the reconstruction and analysis of cellular metabolism of various organisms based on information encoded in their genomes. Characterization of cellular metabolism is useful to understand the phenotypic capabilities of these organisms. It has been done quantitatively through the analysis of pathway operations. There are several in silico approaches for analyzing metabolic networks, including structural and stoichiometric analysis, metabolic flux analysis, metabolic control analysis, and several kinetic modeling based analyses. They can serve as a virtual laboratory to give insights into basic principles of cellular functions. This article summarizes the progress and advances in software and algorithm development for metabolic network analysis, along with their applications relevant to cellular physiology, and metabolic engineering with an emphasis on microbial strain optimization. Moreover, it provides a detailed comparative analysis of existing approaches under different categories.     

Improved production of citric acid by Yarrowia lipolytica using oleic acid as the oxygen‐vector and co‐substrate

Yarrowia lipolytica is able to secrete large amounts of citric acid (CA), which is greatly affected by the dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) in the fermentation medium. In this study, oleic acid was selected as oxygen‐vector to improve DOC during CA fermentation. When 2% (v/v) of oleic acid was added to the culture broth, higher DOC (>42.1%) was determined throughout the CA synthesis phase. The yield of CA reached a maximum of 32.1 g/L (25.4% higher than the control) and the biomass was 8.8 g/L. The substrate uptake rate, products formation rate and key enzyme activities were also determined, and the results indicated that CA synthesis was strengthened with oleic acid addition. Furthermore, it was detected that oleic acid could be assimilated by the cells, which means that oleic acid could be served both as oxygen‐vector and co‐substrate for CA synthesis by Y. lipolytica. In a bioreactor with working volume of 3 L, the highest concentration of CA reached to 36. 4 g/L in the presence of 2% (v/v) oleic acid after 192 h of fermentation. These results confirmed that oleic acid could be applied in the large‐scale production of CA by Y. lipolytica.     

Constraint line methods and the applications in ecology北大核心CSCD

With increasing data availability in the big data era, many traditional statistical analyses based on the mean or median are insufficient or inappropriate to elucidate the complex patterns of variation. This is particularly the case when multiple factors are involved and the bivariate scatter occurs as scatter clouds. In such circumstances, constraint line (or envelope) method could be an alternative and effective tool to extract the data boundaries, thus improves our understanding of the complex relationships between limiting factor and response factor. Here, we synthesize the major findings and achievements in the field of applying the constraint line method in ecology. Specifically, we first describe the history and development of the constraint line method. We then discuss the techniques to establish the constraint lines with examples, and discuss the applications and implications of the constraint lines in species distribution, population performance, and optimization problem. We suggest simultaneously application of both constraint lines and regression techniques to the same datasets to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ecological process and underlying mechanisms. Such combined methods should be used with special attention to the role of spatial heterogeneity and scale dependency. We also discuss in detail the potential applicability of the constraint line method in studying the linkages between ecosystem services, and land system design.     

Design,synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-amino-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)benzamide derivatives as potent HIV-1 Vif inhibitors

Viral infectivity factor (Vif) is one of the accessory protein of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) that inhibits host defense factor, APOBEC3G (A3G), mediated viral cDNA hypermutations. Previous work developed a novel Vif inhibitor 2-amino-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-((4-nitrophenyl)thio)benzamide (1) with strong antiviral activity. Through optimizations on the two side branches, a series of compound 1 derivatives (2–18) were designed, synthesized and tested in vitro for their antiviral activities. The biological results showed that compound 5 and 16 inhibited the virus replication efficiently with EC₅₀ values of 9.81 and 4.62 μM. Meanwhile, low cytotoxicities on H9 cells were observed for the generated compounds by the MTT assay. The structure–activity relationship of compound 1 was preliminarily clarified, which gave rise to the development of more potent Vif inhibitors.