脱水胁迫对连翘和冬青卫矛叶片细胞质外体和微环境的影响

用压力室、电导法和原子吸收分光光度分析法综合分析测定了连翘[Forsythiasuspensa (Thunb.) Vahl]和冬青卫矛(Euonymus japonicus Thunb.)在不同程度脱水胁迫时细胞外部微环境的变化.结果表明:(1)在脱水胁迫条件下,叶片细胞随着脱水胁迫强度的加大,细胞内离子外渗的累计量不断加大,但细胞内离子外渗的速度在不同的区间内并无明显的改变,即细胞膜的透性在所测范围内没有明显变化.(2)脱水胁迫同时造成了叶片质外体和共质体溶液中钠、钾离子浓度的增加,但质外体比共质体溶液中钠、钾离子浓度的增加幅度更高,导致细胞内、外离子浓度梯度的改变和离子平衡膜电位的改变,这些改变有可能引起细胞的次生生理变化,并有可能与植物的伤害反应和抗性有关.     

Polysaccharides of algae: 60. Fucoidan from the pacific brown alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Analipus japonicus</Emphasis> (Harv.) winne (Ectocarpales,Scytosiphonaceae)

A fucoidan containing L-fucose, sulfate, and O-acetyl groups at a molar ratio 3:2:1, as well as minor amounts of xylose, galactose, and uronic acids was isolated from the brown alga Analipus japonicus collected in the Sea of Japan. The structures of the native polysaccharide and the products of its desulfation and deacetylation were studied by the methods of methylation, periodate oxidation, and NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that a polysaccharide molecule mainly consists of a linear carbohydrate chain of (1→3)-linked α-L-fucopyranose residues, which bears numerous branches in the form of single α-L-fucopyranose residues (three branches at position 4 and one branch at position 2 per each ten residues of the main chain). Sulfate groups occupy positions 2 and (to a lesser extent) 4, most of the terminal nonreducing fucose residues being sulfated twice. The acetyl groups are located predominantly at positions 4. The structural role of minor monosaccharides was not established.     

Ion‐dependent metabolic responses of Vicia faba L. to salt stress

Salt‐affected farmlands are increasingly burdened by chlorides, carbonates, and sulfates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Intriguingly, the underlying physiological processes are studied almost always under NaCl stress. Two faba bean cultivars were subjected to low‐ and high‐salt treatments of NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and KCl. Assimilation rate and leaf water vapor conductance were reduced to approximately 25–30% without biomass reduction after 7 days salt stress, but this did not cause severe carbon shortage. The equimolar treatments of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^? showed comparable accumulation patterns in leaves and roots, except for SO₄^2? which did not accumulate. To gain a detailed understanding of the effects caused by the tested ion combinations, we performed nontargeted gas chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based metabolite profiling. Metabolic responses to various salts were in part highly linearly correlated, but only a few metabolite responses were common to all salts and in both cultivars. At high salt concentrations, only myo‐inositol, allantoin, and glycerophosphoglycerol were highly significantly increased in roots under all tested conditions. We discovered several metabolic responses that were preferentially associated with the presence of Na⁺, K⁺, or Cl^?. For example, increases of leaf proline and decreases of leaf fumaric acid and malic acid were apparently associated with Cl^? accumulation.     

Two Mallotus species of different life histories adopt different defense strategies in relation to leaf age

Plants defend their leaves using multiple defense traits that change functions with leaf age. We examined the effects of leaf age on the development of multiple defense traits in two related Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) species: young plants of the fast‐growing Mallotus japonicus (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. and the slow‐growing Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. Sequential leaves of the two species were measured for their leaf area, leaf mass/area, densities of trichomes and pellucid dots, extrafloral nectar volume, and the numbers of extrafloral nectaries and pearl bodies. Mallotus japonicus shifted its defense tactics from direct defense using trichomes and pellucid dots in young leaves to biotic defense using extrafloral nectar and pearl bodies in middle‐aged leaves. In contrast, M. philippensis used direct, chemical defense throughout all leaf ages, together with the shift from indirect, biotic defense using extrafloral nectar in young leaves to direct, physical defense using leaf toughness in middle‐aged leaves. These results strongly suggest that, in relation to life history, plants can alter optimal combinations of multiple defense traits with leaf age.     

山麦冬及其近缘种DNA条形码研究

通过分析山麦冬及其近缘种cpDNA trnL-F、psbA-trnH间隔区序列特点,探讨trnL-F、psbA-trnH序列作为山麦冬及其近缘种DNA条形码的潜力。分别对两者进行PCR扩增后,并进行纯化测序。其中山麦冬及其近缘种9个物种18个样品的trnL-F序列长度为355~356 bp,在山麦冬属内序列完全一致,但在沿阶草属中存在特异变异位点,可对麦冬与沿阶草两物种进行鉴别。而psbA-trnH序列长度为543~544 bp,仅在麦冬中存在特异鉴别位点。结果表明,trnL-F、psbA-trnH序列由于进化速率低、保守性强,仅适合麦冬类植物属间鉴别的DNA条形码,而在属下水平的应用有一定的局限。     

山东半岛南部产卵场鳀鱼的产卵生态Ⅰ.鳀鱼鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的数量与分布特征

2000-2004年5-7月,"北斗"号生物资源调查船对山东半岛南部产卵场进行了11个航次多学科的综合调查,鳀鱼鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的数量与分布及其与环境因氐墓系为重点调查内容.调查结果表明:1)山东半岛南部产卵场5月中、下旬鳀鱼才进入产卵初期;6月上旬产卵个体逐渐增多,即将进入产卵盛期;6月中、下旬进入产卵盛期; 2)山东半岛南部产卵场中,35°N断面及其邻近海区的鳀鱼鱼卵密集分布区相当稳定,这一带海域基本上每年都有鱼卵的密集分布中心形成;北部海域的密集分布区的分布范围和分布位置变化比较大,但是,密集分布区一旦形成,鱼卵的平均密度相当可观;西南部沿岸一带海域的鱼卵数量很少.鳀鱼鱼卵的分布与海流、潮汐以及水温分布等物理海洋学要素的关系密切,南、北两个鱼卵密集分布区正是潮锋所在的位置,锋区的辐聚和卷夹作用,使鳀鱼鱼卵聚集成密集的斑块,从而形成了鱼卵的密集分布中心; 3)鳀鱼鱼卵在水体中的空间分布主要集中在上混合层,温跃层中的数量次之,下混合层的数量最少;统计学检验, 上混合层、温跃层和下混合层之间的鱼卵数量差异显著; 4)鳀鱼仔稚幼鱼的数量明显少于鱼卵,水平分布特征与鱼卵也有明显的差异.     

Genetic similarity between the South Atlantic and the western North Pacific Maurolicus (Stomiiformes: Actinopterygii) taxa,M. walvisensis Parin & Kobyliansky and M. japonicus Ishikawa: evidence for synonymy?

An analysis of the 524 nucleotide long segment in the 16SrDNA mitochondrial gene of Maurolicus japonicus revealed that there are two major haplotypes (E and H) and two minor haplotypes (I and J), which comprise 63·6, 27·2, 4·6 and 4·6% of the population, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of the major haplotype E is identical to that of the most common haplotype in Maurolicus walvisensis (63·6% of the population). The other haplotypes of M. japonicus are almost identical to that of the haplotype E with only a single (haplotypes I and J) or three nucleotide differences (haplotype H). Phylogenetic trees of all the 16SrDNA haplotypes found thus far in the Maurolicus taxa show that the relationships among the haplotypes of M. japonicus and M. walvisensis are indistinguishable but that they are clearly distinctive from those of Maurolicus muelleri . Examination of the morphometric characteristics of specimens reveals similarities among the individuals of different haplotypes of M. japonicus and also between M. japonicus and M. walvisensis in almost all characteristics. The results suggest that despite the current ocean-wide allopatric distribution between M. japonicus and M. walvisensis , the two taxa are conspecific as M. japonicus .     

山东半岛南部产卵场鳀鱼的产卵生态Ⅱ.鳀鱼的产卵习性和胚胎发育特性

2000-2004年5-7月在山东半岛南部鲤鱼产卵场调查结果表明：鲲鱼受精卵的胚胎发育全程,在表层水体中,水温条件为21．78％-22．68qc（平均22．05℃）和17．05℃-18．88℃（平均17．900C）,大约需要42-44h和50-52h;在上混合层水体中,水温条件为21．26℃-22．050C（平均21．70℃）和17．02℃-17．90℃（平均17．50℃）,大约需要44-46h和50-54h;在温跃层水体中,水温条件为16．22℃-21．26℃（平均18．70℃）和14．42℃-17．02℃（平均15．72％）,大约需要46-48h和68-72h。对鲲鱼胚胎发育时间的观测值与计算值进行单因子方差分析,结果表明两者之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）,说明本研究所用的现场观测和估算方法是值得信赖的。2003年6月下旬产卵场中的水温分布较2002年6月下旬低1．80℃-3．80℃,鲤鱼受精卵的胚胎发育时间要长8-24h。鲲鱼胚胎发育的阈温度和有效积温值分别为10．26℃和423．1h&#183;℃。在产卵季节,产卵场中傍晚7：00就有少量的鲲鱼开始产卵,直到凌晨5：00仍然有少量的鳃鱼还在产卵,产卯时间持续10h;上半夜9：00至凌晨2：00为鲤鱼的产卵高峰时间,鲤鱼主要在温跃层内产卵[动物学报54（6）：988-997,2008]。     

不同pH值条件下日本对虾肝胰腺及血的细胞培养

动物细胞培养是生物技术的一个重要领域 ,因为培养的细胞可以用来分离纯化病毒、生产疫苗和药物。本实验在日本对虾肝胰腺细胞和血细胞原代培养的基础上 ,利用RNA DNA值进行不同pH值培养基的比较 ,认为对于血细胞pH 7 2为最适值 ,而对于肝胰腺细胞pH 7 6比较合适。同时利用光镜及电镜做了一些形态和结构上的观察。