全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5093篇 |
免费 | 587篇 |
国内免费 | 754篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 149篇 |
2022年 | 120篇 |
2021年 | 222篇 |
2020年 | 263篇 |
2019年 | 300篇 |
2018年 | 229篇 |
2017年 | 257篇 |
2016年 | 239篇 |
2015年 | 249篇 |
2014年 | 296篇 |
2013年 | 426篇 |
2012年 | 238篇 |
2011年 | 269篇 |
2010年 | 216篇 |
2009年 | 200篇 |
2008年 | 249篇 |
2007年 | 282篇 |
2006年 | 231篇 |
2005年 | 219篇 |
2004年 | 183篇 |
2003年 | 167篇 |
2002年 | 161篇 |
2001年 | 155篇 |
2000年 | 131篇 |
1999年 | 124篇 |
1998年 | 92篇 |
1997年 | 88篇 |
1996年 | 100篇 |
1995年 | 63篇 |
1994年 | 68篇 |
1993年 | 51篇 |
1992年 | 66篇 |
1991年 | 42篇 |
1990年 | 30篇 |
1989年 | 35篇 |
1988年 | 21篇 |
1987年 | 22篇 |
1986年 | 15篇 |
1985年 | 25篇 |
1984年 | 21篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 20篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有6434条查询结果,搜索用时 234 毫秒
61.
旅游生态学—生态学应用的一个新领域 总被引:22,自引:2,他引:20
旅游生态学──生态学应用的一个新领域刘鸿雁(北京大学城市与环境学系,100871)RecreationEcology─—ANewAreaofAppliedEcology.¥LiuHongyan(DepartmentofUrbanandEnvironm... 相似文献
62.
Use of lysophosphatidylethanolamine, a natural lipid, to retard tomato leaf and fruit senescence 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We studied the influence of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) on the pattern and rate of ethylene production and respiration of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum cv. H7155) leaflets and fruit. Leaflets that had been senescing on the plant showed a climacteric-like rise in ethylene production but not in respiration rate which decreased continuously with leaf age. Detached leaflets had a climacteric-like pattern in respiration whether they were incubated in complete darkness or in light. Detached leaflets incubated in the dark had higher rates of ethylene production and CO2 evolution than did light-incubated leaves. There was no change in the pattern of ethylene production or CO2 evolution as a result of LPE treatment. However, LPE-treated attached and detached leaflets had consistently lower rates of CO2 evolution. The reduction in CO2 evolution by LPE was most pronounced at the climacteric-like peak of the detached leaves. LPE-treated leaflets had a higher chlorophyll content and fresh weight and lower electrolyte leakage than the control. LPE-treated fruits had lower rates of ethylene and CO2 production than did the control. LPE-treated fruits also had higher pericarp firmness and lower electrolyte leakage than the control. The results of the present study provide evidence that LPE is able to retard senescence of attached leaves and detached leaves and tomato fruits. Several recent studies suggest that lysolipids can act in a specific manner as metabolic regulators. Our results suggest a specific role of lysolipid LPE in aging and senescence 相似文献
63.
Darwin was a teleologist 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
James G. Lennox 《Biology & philosophy》1993,8(4):409-421
It is often claimed that one of Darwin's chief accomplishments was to provide biology with a non-teleological explanation of adaptation. A number of Darwin's closest associates, however, and Darwin himself, did not see it that way. In order to assess whether Darwin's version of evolutionary theory does or does not employ teleological explanation, two of his botanical studies are examined. The result of this examination is that Darwin sees selection explanations of adaptations as teleological explanations. The confusion in the nineteenth century about Darwin's attitude to teleology is argued to be a result of Darwin's teleological explanations not conforming to either of the dominant philosophical justifications of teleology at that time. Darwin's explanatory practices conform well, however, to recent defenses of the teleological character of selection explanations.I would like to thank John Beatty, David Hull and one of this journal's readers for constructive comments on an earlier draft of this paper. 相似文献
64.
Natural CO2 springs in Italy: a resource for examining long-term response of vegetation to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
It is estimated that more than 100 geothermal CO2 springs exist in central-western Italy. Eight springs were selected in which the atmospheric CO2 concentrations were consistently observed to be above the current atmospheric average of 354μmol mol-1. CO2 concentration measurements at some of the springs are reported. The springs are described, and their major topographic and vegetational features are reported. Preliminary observations made on natural vegetation growing around the gas vents are then illustrated. An azonal pattern of vegetation distribution occurs around every CO2 spring regardless of soil type and phytoclimatic areas. This is composed of pioneer populations of a Northern Eurasiatic species (Agrostis canina L.) which is often associated with Scirpus lacustris L. The potential of these sites for studying the long-term response of vegetation to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations is discussed. 相似文献
65.
Michael Power D. George Dixon Geoffrey Power 《Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery (Formerly Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health)》1994,3(2):69-79
Risk is by no means a simple concept. Natural variability and definitional problems with the concept of probability complicate the measurement and use of risk as an analytical tool. Variability requires that risk assessment methods separate natural from total risk when attempting to estimate anthropogenic risk. Failure to do so results in the over estimation of anthropogenic risk and the eventual loss of credibility for risk assessment methodologies. The common frequentist approach to probability is not consistent with anything but a modelling approach to risk assessment. When combined with its ability to account for natural variability, incorporate laboratory-assay data and offer complete statistical and experimental control, modelling is a promising approach to risk assessment. Modelling, however, is not without its drawbacks. Initialization bias can result in the over, or under, estimation of both natural and anthropogenic risk. Furthermore, model estimates are time dependent. The convergence of natural and anthropogenic risk poses problems for modelling-based risk assessment and requires clear statements as to the importance of the time dimension in risk assessment. When combined, the drawbacks to modelling-based risk assessment argue that risk should never be stated as a scalar quantity. Instead, modelling-based risk assessment should provide estimates of the complete range of risk measures (total, natural, and anthropogenic) as well as indications of convergence time. Only then can the modelling-based approach be viewed as the most appropriate means of carrying out scientifically credible risk assessment. 相似文献
66.
Gregory M. L. Patterson Kathleen K. Baker Cynthia L. Baldwin Christine M. Bolis Faith R. Caplan Linda K. Larsen Ira A. Levine Richard E. Moore E. Moore Carrie S. Nelson Kathryn D. Tschappat Grace D. Tuang Michael R. Boyd John H. Cardellina Ralph P. Collins Kirk R. Gustafson Kenneth M. Snader Owen S. Weislow Ralph A. Lewin 《Journal of phycology》1993,29(1):125-130
Lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts from approximately 600 strains of cultured cyanophytes, representing some 300 species, were examined for antiviral activity against three pathogenic viruses. Approximately 10% of the cultures produced substances that caused significant reduction in cytopathic effect normally associated with viral infection. The screening program identified the order Chroococcales as commonly producing antiviral agents. 相似文献
67.
Mayer Alejandro M. S. Paul Valerie J. Fenical William Norris James N. de Carvalho M. S. Jacobs Robert S. 《Hydrobiologia》1993,260(1):521-529
Twelve out of twenty-nine compounds isolated from benthic marine algae from the phyla Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta have been found to be potent inhibitors of bee venom derived phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (> 50%) in the M range. The compounds investigated were from: Bryopsis pennata, Rhipocephalus phoenix, Caulerpa prolifera, C. racemosa, C. bikinensis, Cymopolia barbata, Laurencia cf. palisada, Laurencia sp., Ochtodes crockeri, Liagora farinosa, Sphaerococcus coronipifolius, Phacelocarpus labillardieri, Dictyota sp., B furcaria galapagensis, Stypopodium zonale, Dictyopteris undulata, Stoechospermum marginatum, Dictyopteris divaricata, Dilophus fasciola and Dilophus sp. This is the first report of bee venom PLA2 inhibition in vitro by pure compounds isolated from marine algae. 相似文献
68.
The decline of tree diversity on newly isolated tropical islands: A test of a null hypothesis and some implications 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Egbert Giles Leigh Jr S. Joseph Wright Edward Allen Herre Francis E. Putz 《Evolutionary ecology》1993,7(1):76-102
Summary Six islands, each less than a hectare in area, were isolated in about 1913 from the mainland of central Panamá by the rising waters of Gatun Lake. By 1980, the diversity of trees on all but one of these islands was far lower than on mainland plots of comparable size. A restricted subset of tree species has spread on these islands, notablyProtium panamense, Scheelea zonensis, Oenocarpus panamanus andSwartzia simplex. We constructed a null model to predict how chance would change tree diversity and the similarity of tree species compositions of different islands, assuming that each mature tree has equal chances of dying and/or reproducing, regardless of its species. This model cannot account for the diminished diversity of the changes in vegetation on these islands: some factors must be favoring a particular set of tree species.Two factors, exposure to wind and absence of mammals, seem needed to bring about the vegetation changes observed on these small islands. Their vegetation shows many signs of wind damage and of adaptation to resist wind, reflecting its exposure to dry season winds and storm winds sweeping across the lake from the west. Their most common tree species appear to have spread because mammals rarely visit these small and isolated islands. Seed of these common species are normally much eaten by mammals and do not need burial by mammals to escape insect attack.A thorough grasp of plant—animal interactions is needed to understand the events that have taken place on these islands. Identifying those keystone animals essential for maintaining plant diversity is a necessary element of reserve design and forest management in the tropics.The US government has the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper. 相似文献
69.
Marco Patacca Marcus Lindner Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja Thomas Cordonnier Gal Fidej Barry Gardiner Ylva Hauf Gediminas Jasinevičius Sophie Labonne Edgaras Linkevičius Mats Mahnken Slobodan Milanovic Gert-Jan Nabuurs Thomas A. Nagel Laura Nikinmaa Momchil Panyatov Roman Bercak Rupert Seidl Masa Zorana Ostrogović Sever Jaroslaw Socha Dominik Thom Dijana Vuletic Sergey Zudin Mart-Jan Schelhaas 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(5):1359-1376
Over the last decades, the natural disturbance is increasingly putting pressure on European forests. Shifts in disturbance regimes may compromise forest functioning and the continuous provisioning of ecosystem services to society, including their climate change mitigation potential. Although forests are central to many European policies, we lack the long-term empirical data needed for thoroughly understanding disturbance dynamics, modeling them, and developing adaptive management strategies. Here, we present a unique database of >170,000 records of ground-based natural disturbance observations in European forests from 1950 to 2019. Reported data confirm a significant increase in forest disturbance in 34 European countries, causing on an average of 43.8 million m3 of disturbed timber volume per year over the 70-year study period. This value is likely a conservative estimate due to under-reporting, especially of small-scale disturbances. We used machine learning techniques for assessing the magnitude of unreported disturbances, which are estimated to be between 8.6 and 18.3 million m3/year. In the last 20 years, disturbances on average accounted for 16% of the mean annual harvest in Europe. Wind was the most important disturbance agent over the study period (46% of total damage), followed by fire (24%) and bark beetles (17%). Bark beetle disturbance doubled its share of the total damage in the last 20 years. Forest disturbances can profoundly impact ecosystem services (e.g., climate change mitigation), affect regional forest resource provisioning and consequently disrupt long-term management planning objectives and timber markets. We conclude that adaptation to changing disturbance regimes must be placed at the core of the European forest management and policy debate. Furthermore, a coherent and homogeneous monitoring system of natural disturbances is urgently needed in Europe, to better observe and respond to the ongoing changes in forest disturbance regimes. 相似文献
70.
稻螟赤眼蜂田间自然繁殖利用研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
多年调查表明,稻螟赤眼蜂是我省多择性卵寄生天敌的优势种.同时发现.稻螟蛉卵可认为是水稻上几种主要害虫天敌的天然优良寄主.由于它的被寄生率高.天敌繁殖量大.控制后继害虫的功效显,所以在水稻生产上稻螟蛉实是益大于害的.在早稻害虫防治实践中.应该减少农药使用,或避开天敌活动期和早稻前期用药.以使世代短的天敌,在近期内迅速形成庞大的种群数量。控制相继发生的二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻苞虫的为害.可减少早稻用药1-2次.上述方案.无须人工生产天敌,即以田间自然繁殖保护天敌的新技术,所能达到稻田以虫治虫的功效.不亚于以往工业生产天敌的举措.实具有经济、生态和社会三方面的效益. 相似文献