高脂饮食诱导的C57BL/6J肥胖小鼠脂肪组织RIP140基因表达水平的研究(英文)

目的:探讨高脂饮食致肥胖小鼠脂肪组织RIP140mRNA表达水平的变化及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法:将C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为正常饮食(NFD)组、高脂饮食(HFD)组分别喂养14周后,测量两组小鼠体重,以NFD组小鼠体重作为对照,选取HFD组中体重大于对照组小鼠平均体重20%的小鼠作为肥胖组小鼠。对照组和肥胖组小鼠取血测甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素水平(FIns),计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);采用RT-PCR技术检测两组小鼠附睾脂肪组织RIP140 mRNA的表达水平,并进行统计学分析。结果:HDF组小鼠中有12只符合标准计入肥胖组。肥胖组小鼠TG、TC、FBG、FIns(P0.05),HOMA-IR(P0.01)均明显高于对照组;肥胖组小鼠脂肪组织RIP140 mRNA的表达高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);相关分析显示小鼠脂肪组织RIP140 mRNA表达水平与TG水平呈正相关(r=0.536,P0.05),与胰岛素抵抗指数呈正相关(r=0.465,P0.05),而与TC、FBG、FIns水平相关分析无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪组织RIP140 mRNA表达增加,并与胰岛素抵抗程度呈正相关。     

神经粘附分子NCAM140 基因RNA干扰质粒的构建与鉴定

摘要目的：构建有效的小鼠神经粘附分子（NCAM140）基因的RNA 干扰（RNAi）质粒载体,为研究NCAM140参与的细胞信号通 路转导、其生物学作用以及以NCAM140 为靶点的基因治疗提供稳定转染的RNAi 质粒。方法：使用基因序列软件设计、筛选符 合公开文献筛选参数的4 条靶序列以及1条阴性对照序列,由上海吉玛技术有限公司合成。与载体质粒pGPU6/GFP/Neo 重组后, 分别命名为pSi-nca1、pSi-nca2、pSi-nca3、pSi-nca4和pSi-control。转染大肠杆菌感受态细胞。选择阳性克隆进行DNA 测序鉴定, Western blot方法进行干扰靶点的筛选。选取干扰效率最高的质粒转染MN9D 细胞,普通光学显微镜分别计数同一视野细胞总数 及GFP阳性细胞数,计算转染效率。结果：酶切和DNA 测序结果证实shRNA正确插入pGPU6/GFP/Neo 质粒;Western blot结果 显示与空质粒对照组比较,pSi-nca4 组细胞NCAM140 表达明显下调,细胞转染效率为62 %。结论：成功构建靶向小鼠 NCAM140 基因的RNAi 质粒,为NCAM140 参与的细胞信号通路的研究以及以NCAM140为靶点的基因治疗提供了稳定转染 细胞的干扰质粒,为研究其生物学作用奠定了分子生物学基础。     

Bone morphogenic proteins signaling in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis

A great deal is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating terminal differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes. In contrast, the knowledge about pathways that trigger commitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the adipocyte lineage is fragmented. In recent years, the role of members of the bone morphogenic protein family in regulating the early steps of adipogenesis has been the focus of research. Findings based on these studies have also highlighted an unexpected role for some bone morphogenic protein in energy homeostasis via regulation of adipocyte development and function. This review summarizes the knowledge about bone morphogenic proteins and their role in adipocyte commitment and regulation of whole body energy homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brown and White Fat: From Signaling to Disease.     

Folding kinetics of staphylococcal nuclease studied by tryptophan engineering and rapid mixing methods

To monitor the development of tertiary structural contacts during folding, a unique tryptophan residue was introduced at seven partially buried locations (residues 15, 27, 61, 76, 91, 102 and 121) of a tryptophan-free variant of staphylococcal nuclease (P47G/P117G/H124L/W140H). Thermal unfolding measurements by circular dichroism indicate that the variants are destabilized, but maintain the ability to fold into a native-like structure. For the variants with Trp at positions 15, 27 and 61, the intrinsic fluorescence is significantly quenched in the native state due to close contact with polar side-chains that act as intramolecular quenchers. All other variants exhibit enhanced fluorescence under native conditions consistent with burial of the tryptophan residues in an apolar environment. The kinetics of folding was observed by continuous and stopped-flow fluorescence measurements over refolding times ranging from 100 micros to 10 s. The folding kinetics of all variants is quantitatively described by a mechanism involving a major pathway with a series of intermediate states and a minor parallel channel. The engineered tryptophan residues in the beta-barrel and the N-terminal part of the alpha-helical domain become partially shielded from the solvent at an early stage (<1 ms), indicating that this region undergoes a rapid collapse. For some variants, a major increase in fluorescence coincides with the rate-limiting step of folding on the 100 ms time scale, indicating that these tryptophan residues are buried only during the late stages of folding. Other variants exhibit a transient increase in fluorescence during the 10 ms phase followed by a decrease during the rate-limiting phase. These observations are consistent with burial of these probes in a collapsed, but loosely packed intermediate, followed by the rate-limiting formation of the densely packed native core, which brings the tryptophan residues into close contact with intramolecular quenchers.     

Gonadotropin regulation of RIP140 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the rat ovary

Female mice null for receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) are infertile because of the failure of follicle rupture. The present study examined gonadotropin regulation of RIP140 expression in immature rat ovary. Treatment with PMSG increased ovarian RIP140 mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, hCG treatment rapidly inhibited RIP140 mRNA and protein levels within 1-3 h. RIP140 mRNA was detected in theca cells of growing follicles in untreated ovary and in granulosa cells in PMSG-treated ovary. Interestingly, hCG treatment reduced RIP140 mRNA levels in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles, but not of growing follicles. Neither treatment of immature rats with diethylstilbestrol in vivo nor of immature granulosa cells with FSH in vitro affected RIP140 mRNA levels. Treatment of immature granulosa cells with 17beta-estradiol in vitro, however, stimulated RIP140 mRNA levels. In cultured preovulatory granulosa cells, RIP140 mRNA levels were stimulated at 1 h and then declined to below control levels by 3 h after LH treatment. Treatment with MDL-12,330A, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, or chelerythrine chloride, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), inhibited LH-stimulated RIP140 gene expression. Furthermore, forskolin or TPA treatment for 1 h mimicked the stimulatory action of LH, indicating the involvement of both adenylate cyclase and PKC pathways. These results demonstrate the stimulation by PMSG and inhibition by hCG of RIP140 expression in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles in the rat ovary.     

Conditionally immortalized white preadipocytes: a novel adipocyte model

This study describes a novel approach to generate conditionally immortalized preadipocyte cell lines from white adipose tissue (IMWAT) that can be induced to differentiate into white adipocytes even after expansion in culture. Such adipocytes express markers of white fat such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and aP2 but not brown fat markers, have an intact insulin signaling pathway, and express proinflammatory cytokines. They can be readily transduced with adenoviral vectors, allowing them to be used to investigate the consequences of the depletion of specific adipocyte factors using short hairpin RNA. This approach has been used to study the effect of reduced expression of the nuclear receptor corepressor receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140), a regulator of adipocyte function. The depletion of RIP140 results in changes in metabolic gene expression that resemble those in adipose tissue of the RIP140 null mouse. Thus, IMWAT cells provide a novel model for adipocytes that are derived from preadipocytes rather than fibroblasts and provide an alternative system to primary preadipocytes for the investigation of adipocyte function.     

Detection of double target binders at the single cell level: an evaluation of the specificity of NK and MLC-induced NK-like cells

MLC-generated cells were tested on 7 consecutive days in the single cell cytotoxicity assay to determine the kinetics of natural and allospecific killing. Maximum cytotoxicity to the NK-sensitive target, K562, was found on Day 3 of MLC with an increase at that time in both the number of cells binding and the number of cells killing K562. The maximum allospecific response was found on Days 6 and 7 with an increase in cells able to bind and kill the alloantigen-bearing target. To determine whether the anti-K562 and allospecific killing were mediated by the same effector cells or different cell populations, both targets were tested simultaneously in the single cell assay. At no time during the 7 days were cells detected capable of simultaneously binding both K562 and allospecific targets. These data indicate that there are two different cell populations responsible for allospecific cytotoxicity and MLC-induced NK-like cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic specificity of unstimulated and MLC-generated NK-like cells was also investigated. When two different NK-sensitive targets (e.g., K562 and MOLT-4) were tested together in the single cell assay, there was no concurrent binding of targets by either fresh PBL prior to MLC stimulation or Day 3 MLC-generated cells. When unstimulated effector cells were enriched for NK activity by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, only a small number of effector cells simultaneously binding two different NK-sensitive targets was detected in the single cell assay. These results imply that the NK cell population is heterogeneous and composed of subpopulations recognizing diverse target specificities.