薇甘菊在广东的分布与危害

较全面调查了薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha)在广东省内的分布,生境与危害状况。薇甘菊多集中分布在珠江三角洲一带,生长在路边向阳潮湿的废弃地,垃圾堆放地,受人为干扰较多的农田,菜地,苗圃,果园,园林绿地,人工林,次生林等环境中。分析了薇甘菊的危害特点和生境的气候条件,并对防治措施作了介绍。     

Hydraulic Conductance and Stomatal Sensitivity to Changes of Leaf Water Status in Six Deciduous Tree Species

The relationship between shoot hydraulic conductance (L) and stomatal sensitivity to changes in leaf water status was studied in the saplings of six deciduous tree species. L increased significantly in sequence: Acer platanoides < Tilia Cordata < Padus avium = Quercus robur < Salix caprea = Populus tremula. L was higher in the trees grown in soil with a higher nitrogen content and lower in the trees grown under mild water stress or kept in darkness for several days. L was higher in July than in September in all the species. L correlated positively with maximum photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and stomatal sensitivity to an increase in leaf water potential, but negatively with stomatal sensitivity to a decrease in leaf water potential. The correlations between L and any other parameter were approximated by three different curves: data for water-stressed plants fit to the first, data for plants kept in darkness fit to the second and all the other data fit to the third curve. The reasons of the differences of shoot hydraulic conductance in the different experimental sets and the mechanisms which may cause the correlation between L and the other characteristics are discussed.     

几种植物次生物质对褐稻虱种群的控制作用模拟

为探讨褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)种群生态控制的作用机理,应用状态空间方程和作用因子添加分析法,研究植物次生物质不同组合对褐稻虱种群的控制作用;本研究以薇甘菊Mikania micrantha乙醇提取物、 飞机草Eupatorium odoratum乙醇提取物与现代苦楝Melia azedarach油的不同组合,作用于褐稻虱种群;根据不同虫期的调查数据,拟合出控制矩阵中各分块矩阵的元素值,并对褐稻虱种群的控制作用进行模拟。结果表明：单独施用薇甘菊乙醇提取物（1 g DW/100 mL）、飞机草乙醇提取物（1 g DW/100 mL）、 现代苦楝油（200倍）各1次, 能显著降低褐稻虱种群数量, 然而种群趋势指数I（population trend index）仍在1.00以上,即下代褐稻虱种群仍呈增长趋势,联合添加其中2种或3种能持续控制褐稻虱下代种群的增长。同时,植物次生物质对褐稻虱种群的控制作用主要表现在对成虫产卵的忌避作用,尤其是在本田种群建立的初期,由于其显著的忌避作用, 降低田间卵量,使其种群数量明显降低,可有效地控制其为害。     

中国科学家完成博落回全基因组测序并解析苄基异奎宁类生物碱途径

博落回(Macleaya cordata)是罂粟属的一种传统中药, 因其富含具有抗菌功能的血根碱(SAN)和白屈菜红碱(CHE), 可以作为牲畜抗菌生长促进剂的安全来源植物。中国科学家以博落回为材料, 利用从头测序手段测定了首个罂粟属植物全基因组序列。研究人员通过组织特异性代谢谱及表达谱分析鉴定了博落回中16个参与血根碱和白屈菜红碱合成的候选基因, 并结合同源克隆及饲喂实验对其中的14个基因进行了体外功能验证。上述研究为进一步探索博落回中血根碱等苄基异奎宁类生物碱(BIAs)合成、调控及后续合成奠定了基础, 也为解析罂粟属其它植物的代谢途径提供了有力工具。     

Danish deciduous forest types

In this study, the first comprehensive multivariate statistical analysis of Danish native forest vegetation, based on 1768 sample plots, is presented. Data were composed of data from literature sources and newly collected data. A series of cluster analyses resulted in 24 forest community types, grouped in beech (Fagus sylvatica), oak (Quercus robur-Q. petraea), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), alder-ash (Alnus-Fraxinus) and lime (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos) types, in addition to mixed forest communities with several co-dominant tree species. The described communities are provisionally arranged syntaxonomically, when possible, according to the international phytosociological system. The distribution of ecological indicator values of pH, soil moisture and nitrogen is gradual in relation to the perceived plant communities. Many forest types, such as beech and oak dominated types, obtain indicated values for pH that span most of the indicated gradient. It is suggested that natural Danish forests probably would be composed of a multitude of canopy forming tree species. The present stands with one or a few tree species forming the canopy is the result of long anthropogenic influence and selective logging.     

双链RNA对薇甘菊根基因MmEXPA4的靶向抑制

【目的】结合薇甘菊较强的节节生根能力的生物学特性,研发利用RNAi技术抑制薇甘菊根系生长基因表达的生物防治技术,为进一步开发薇甘菊靶向防控技术奠定基础。【方法】利用同源比对方法,鉴定出调控薇甘菊根系发育的关键基因(MmEXPA4),体外合成该基因的双链RNA (dsMmEXPA4),利用dsMmEXPA4注射薇甘菊根部,研究其对薇甘菊根系生长的作用。【结果】与对照组相比,dsMmEXPA4处理30 d后,所有不定根的数量、鲜重和最长不定根的长度均显著降低。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,在dsMmEXPA4处理后第4和第5天,MmEXPA4基因的表达量显著下调,沉默效率分别为43.96%和52.11%。此外,通过Fluorescent Stereo Microscope Leica M165 FC发现,被荧光标记的dsMmEXPA4能在根系中测检到较强的绿色荧光信号。【结论】MmEXPA4基因可作为抑制薇甘菊根系发育及快速生长的潜在靶点,为利用RNA干扰技术生物防治薇甘菊提供理论基础。     

The macrophytobenthos of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea,Antarctica): results of three Italian scientific expeditions

Abstract

The results of a study on the benthic macroalgal flora and vegetation of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) carried out during the Italian expeditions to Antarctica made in the years 1987/88, 1989/90 and 1993/94, are presented. The flora is rather poor (9 Rhodophyceae, 4 Fucophyceae, 4 Chlorophyceae), but richer than that known from adjacent areas. The vegetation is on the whole characterized by a prevalence of sciaphilous species among which Iridaea cordata, Phyllophora antarctica and Clathromorphum lemoineanum dominating in the upper infralittoral, lower infralittoral and circalittoral zones, respectively. Moreover, the results of a study on biomass of a population of I. cordata as well as of a population of P. antarctica, carried out in the austral summer 1993/94, are reported too. The values of the biomass of the population of I. cordata resulted to vary inversely with respect to those of the population of P. antarctica.     

Changes in Soil Microbial Community Associated with Invasion of the Exotic Weed, Mikania micrantha H.B.K

Invasions of exotic plant species are among the most pervasive and important threats to natural ecosystems. However, the effects of plant invasions on soil processes and soil biota have not been adequately investigated. Changes were studied in soil microbial communities where Mikania micrantha was invading a native forest community in Neilingding Island, Shenzhen, China. The soil microbial community structure (assessed by phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] profiles) and function (assessed by enzyme activities), as well as soil chemical properties were measured. The results showed that the invasion of M. micrantha into the evergreen broadleaved forests in South China changed most of the characteristics in studied soils. Microbial community structure and function differed significantly among the native, two ecotones, and exotic-derived soils. For PLFA profiles, we observed a significant increase in aerobic bacteria but a decrease in anaerobic bacteria in the M. micrantha monoculture as compared to the native and ecotones. The ratio of cy19:0 to18:1ω7 gradually declined but mono/sat PLFAs increased as M. micrantha became more dominant. Both ratios were significantly related to pH according to regression analysis, therefore, pH was a sensitive indicator reflecting the invaded soil subsystem succession. The microbial community composition clearly separated the native soil from the invaded soils by principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). For enzyme activities, 7 of 9 enzymes (β-glucosidase, invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and phenol oxidase) showed the similar trend that the activities were highest in the exotic, intermediate in the two ecotones, and lowest in the native community. In most cases, enzyme activities were influenced by soil chemical properties, especially by pH value and soil organic matter. Differences in the structural variables were well correlated to differences in the functional variables as demonstrated by canonical correlation analysis (CCA). It was concluded that M. micrantha invasion had profound effects on the soil subsystem, which must be taken into account when we try to control its invasions.     

外来杂草薇甘菊种群土壤种子库动态

研究了内伶仃岛不同群落中薇甘菊土壤种子库动态。结果表明,在薇甘菊土壤种子库中,上层(0～3cm)土壤种子库密度显著高于下层(3～5cm),从地表向下随着深度的增加,活力种子逐渐减少,幼苗主要由上层土壤中的种子萌发而成。群落所处的演替阶段影响薇甘菊种群的开花结实,从而影响到薇甘菊种子的产生和种子库的储量。处于演替后期的群落中种子库储量下降。