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11.
中国对虾雄性生殖系统的结构及发育 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
本文较详细地叙述中国对虾雄性生殖系统的结构,与以前作者描述的有异。其精巢为分叶状;输糟管中段和分泌管道共处于同一圆管之内;生殖管道上皮多有分泌功能。在一次发育期中精子的发生大约持续两个月,产生的精子量大;雄虾具有多次交配的能力。 相似文献
12.
M. -B. Schröder 《Protoplasma》1985,124(1-2):123-129
Summary This paper describes the development of pollen grains ofGasteria verrucosa from the late microspore to the mature two-cellular pollen grain. Ultrastructural changes and the distribution of plastids as a result of the first pollen mitosis have been investigated using light and electron microscopy. The microspores as well as the generative and the vegetative cell contain mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles during all of the observed developmental stages. In contrast, the generative cell and the vegetative cell show a different plastid content. Plastids are randomly distributed within the microspores before pollen mitosis. During the prophase of the first pollen mitosis the plastids become clustered at the proximal pole of the microspore. The dividing nucleus of the microspore is located at the distal pole of the microspore. Therefore, the plastids are not equally distributed into both the generative and the vegetative cell. The possible reasons for the polarization of plastids within the microspore are briefly discussed. The lack of plastids in the generative cell causes a maternal inheritance of plastids inGasteria verrucosa. 相似文献
13.
14.
Zusammenfassung Im Vergleich zu lichtmikroskopischen Untersuchungen an der Mamma virilis wird anhand von 2 operativ entfernten Brustdrüsen eines 57 und 63 Jahre alten Mannes die elektronenmikroskopisch erfaßbare Zytomorphologie beschrieben. Die Befunde werden den physiologischen Wachstumsimpulsen dieses Organs gegenübergestellt und Fragen der Zelldifferenzierung, der Desquamation und apokrinen Sekretion beantwortet. Elektronenmikroskopisch werden am Drüsenepithel Basalzellen, größere Zellen der oberflächlichen Zellreihen und Myoepithelzellen unterschieden. Diese Zellen entsprechen den Gangepithelien der weiblichen Brustdrüse und besitzen intracytoplasmatische Filamente. Diese stellen ein häufiges Differenzierungsprodukt des Zytoplasmas dar. Mechanismen einer Sekretion waren nicht nachweisbar. In die Drüsenlichtung werden pseudopodienartig vorgewölbte Zytoplasmateile abgeschnürt (Extrasionsvorgang). — Superfiziale Zellen werden desquamiert, wobei die Zytolyse in den marginalen Zytoplasmaschichten erfolgt. Kern und Teile des Zytoplasmas gelangen in die Drüsenlichtung. — Die Befunde zeigen die von Lebensalter und Proliferationsreiz abhängigen Vorgänge eines permanenten Zellersatzes in der männlichen Brustdrüse an.
Ultrastructure of the mammary gland of the human male
Summary The ultrastructure of two mammary glands obtained operatively from a 57-year old and a 63-year old man was compared to the structure observed in the light microscope, and related to stimuli controlling growth of the gland, cellular differentiation and desquamation, and apocrine secretion. The glandular epithelium, which is analogous to that of the female mammary gland, is differentiated into basic cells, large superficial cells, and myoepithelial cells. The cells have intracytoplasmic filaments, that may be a sign of differentiation. Mechanisms for secretion were not observed, although pseudopodia-like parts of the cytoplasm are extruded into the glandular lumen. Superficial cells are desquamated, followed by cytolysis of their margins. These findings illustrate the replacement of cells due to age and altered stimuli.
Frl. St. Walter, lt. Assistentin des elektronenmikroskopischen Labors, danken wir für Präparationen und Photoarbeiten. 相似文献
15.
Summary Spermatozoa from fertile and infertile human ejaculates were observed under the scanning electron microscope. A parallel study of sections was performed by transmission electron microscope.The normal head shows under the scanning electron microscope vesicular elevations in the region of the acrosome and a smooth and rigid appearance corresponding to the postnuclear cap whose occurrence is confirmed under the transmission electron microscope. Immediately anterior to this cap a shallow furrow transverses the head. Duplicated, unusually large or small and deformed heads are found under the scanning electron microscope. Most of these abnormal heads show no surface structure suggesting an acrosome.The neck and middle piece are occasionally, though frequently in abnormal spermatozoa, covered by a cytoplasmic droplet. Otherwise, the mitochondrial sheath is recognized under the scanning electron microscope as a beaded thickening in the middle piece. The lack of mitochondria is manifested by a smooth middle piece thinner than the principal portion. Transmission electron microscopy of sections reveals various types of anomalies in the number of cores, core filaments and mitochondria embedded in the cytoplasmic droplets.Abnormalities in the principal portion of the tail such as duplication, unusual thickness and length are shown under the scanning electron microscope.The investigation indicates that scanning electron microscopy is suited for the clinical as well as cytological examination of human ejaculate spermatozoa. 相似文献
16.
17.
^60Co—γ射线诱导的小麦T型雄性不育系育性恢复突变 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
用~(60)Co-γ射线诱导小麦T型雄性不育系T小偃4号A、T郑引1号A均获得了农艺性状优良、恢复力强的恢复系。育性恢复突变是涉及一个或少数几个位点核基因的显性突变。利用性状优良的T型不育系诱导育性恢复突变是选育恢复系和发掘恢复源的有效途径。 相似文献
18.
Summary Microtubules tightly cross-linked into bundles are described in the sperm cells ofBrassica oleracea pollen tubes. The sperm cells are lobed and tailed and the microtubule bundles are often located in these parts of the cells. In the present paper we suggest that the cross-linked microtubule organization could determine an intertubular sliding, probably generating a motility system that propels the sperm cells through the tube.Abbreviations GC
generative cell
- Mfs
microfilaments
- Mts
microtubules
- SC
sperm cell
- VC
vegetative cell
- VN
vegetative nucleus 相似文献
19.
内源植物激素与光敏核不育水稻农垦58S育性的关系 总被引:22,自引:1,他引:21
采用气相色谱-质谱联用选择离子检测(GC-MS-SIM)技术,定性、定量分析了光敏核不育水稻农垦58S(Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica)及对照品种“农垦58”在长(LD)、短(SD)日照处理下,不同发育时期顶端全展叶片中内源IAA、ABA 和生殖器官中内源IAA、ABA、GA1、GA4 的含量变化。实验结果表明:在LD 处理下,农垦58S雌雄蕊形成期的叶片和花粉母细胞形成期的幼穗中IAA 相继发生亏缺;农垦58S-LD花粉母细胞形成期、单核期和扬花期,生殖器官中内源ABA 均低于农垦58S-SD 的含量,“农垦58”则与此相反;扬花期不育花药中内源GA1 和GA4 含量剧减。据此认为:生殖器官中早期IAA 的亏损、ABA 含量剧减伴随着抗逆性能的减弱及GAS的不足共同导致了农垦58S的雄性败育 相似文献
20.
Hillard S. Kaplan Jane B. Lancaster Sara E. Johnson John A. Bock 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1995,6(4):325-360
Our objective is to test an optimality model of human fertility that specifies the behavioral requirements for fitness maximization
in order (a) to determine whether current behavior does maximize fitness and, if not, (b) to use the specific nature of the behavioral deviations from fitness maximization towards the development of models of evolved
proximate mechanisms that may have maximized fitness in the past but lead to deviations under present conditions. To test
the model we use data from a representative sample of 7,107 men living in Albuquerque, New Mexico, between 1990 and 1993.
The model we test proposes that low fertility in modern settings maximizes number of grandchildren as a result of a trade-off
between parental fertility and next generation fertility. Results do not show the optimization, although the data do reveal
a trade-off between parental fertility and offspring education and income.
We propose that two characteristics of modern economies have led to a period of sustained fertility reduction and to a corresponding
lack of association between income and fertility. The first is the direct link between costs of investment and wage rates
due to the forces of supply and demand for labor in competitive economies. The second is the increasing emphasis on cumulative
knowledge, skills, and technologies in the production of resources. Together they produce historically novel conditions. These
two features of modern economies may interact with evolved psychological and physiological mechanisms governing fertility
and parental investment to produce behavior that maximizes the economic productivity of lineages at the expense of fitness.
If cognitive processes evolved to track diminishing returns to parental investment and if physiological processes evolved
to regulate fertility in response to nutritional state and patterns of breast feeding, we might expect non-adaptive responses
when returns from parental investment do not diminish until extremely high levels are reached. With high economic payoffs
from parental investment, people have begun to exercise cognitive regulation of fertility through contraception and family
planning practices. Those cognitive processes maynot have evolved to handle fitness trade-offs between fertility and parental investment.
A preliminary presentation of this data was published in R. I. M. Dunbar, ed.,Human Reproduction Decisions: Biological and Social Perspectives. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. Support for the research project, “Male Fertility and Parenting in New Mexico,” began
with two seed grants from the University of New Mexico’s Biomedical Research Grants Program, 1988 and 1989, and one from the
University of New Mexico Research Allocations Committee, 1988. Further seed money as well as interim funding came from the
William T. Grant Foundation (#89130589 and #91130501). The major support for the project came from the National Science Foundation
from 1990 to 1993 (#BNS-9011723 and #DBS-911552). Both National Science Foundation grants included Research Experience for
Undergraduates supplements.
Hillard S. Kaplan is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico. His earlier research and publications
focused on food sharing, time allocation, parental investment, and reproductive strategies among Ache hunter-gatherers in
Paraguay, Machiguenga and Piro forager-horticulturalists in Peru, and villagers of several ethnicities in Botswana. New research
and theory concern fertility, parental investment, and mating strategies in developed and developing nations. This research
formulates a new theory of reproductive decision-making and the demographic transition, integrating human capital and parental
investment theory in a synthesis of economic and evolutionary approaches.
Jane B. Lancaster is a Professor of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico. Her research and publications are on human
reproductive biology and behavior, especially human parental investment; women’s reproductive biology of pregnancy, lactation,
and child-spacing; and male fertility and investment in children. Current research with Hillard S. Kaplan is on male life
history strategies among a large sample of men in New Mexico. She has coedited three books on human parental investment:School-Age Pregnancy and Parenthood (with B. Hamburg),Parenting across the Life Span (with J. Altmann, A. Rossi, and L. Sherrod), andOffspring Abuse and Neglect (with R. Gelles). She is scientific editor of a quarterly journal,Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary, Biosocial Perspective published by Aldine de Gruyter. She is also a council member of the newly formed Human Behavior and Evolution Society.
John A. Bock is Andrew W. Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellow in Epidemiology and Population Health at the National Centre for Epidemiology
and Population Health, The Australian National University. His research focuses on the allocation of parental investment and
the determinants of children’s activities, integrating aspects of economic and evolutionary theory. He has ongoing field research
with Bantu and Bushmen agro-pastoralists and forager-horticulturalists in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. He is also collaborating
with Lancaster and Kaplan on the determinants of progeny distribution and homosexuality among New Mexican men.
Sara E. Johnson is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of New Mexico. Her major research trajectory focuses on trade-offs
in life history characters. Her research experience includes participation in a study of variation in growth and development
among children in a multi-ethnic community in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, in addition to her dissertation work on individual
variation in growth and mortality among juvenile baboons. She is collaborating with Lancaster and Kaplan on the association
between survival and fertility among Albuquerque men. 相似文献