急性病毒性肝炎的发病率慢性肝炎患病率和肝病死亡率的研究

1984～1987年,在黑龙江、河北、河南、湖南、上海五个省市城乡10.08855人口中进行急性肝炎发病率、慢性肝炎患病率、与病毒性肝炎有关的肝病死亡率的研究。急性肝炎标化发病率为152.19/10万,主要发生在20～50岁组人群;因无甲肝暴发流行,除上海外各点季节发病率分布均衡。慢性肝炎标化患病率为158.25/10万(诊断标准为6个月前有明确急性肝炎病史,现有明显的临床症状或体征,肝功能异常,故实际慢肝患病率要高于此数字);与病毒性肝炎有关的肝病死亡(包括肝癌)标化率为22.65/10万,其中肝病为 13.14/10万。男性死亡率显著高于女性。     

Increased Expression of β-Amyloid Protein Precursor and Microtubule-Associated Protein τ During the Differentiation of Murine Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

Expression of the genes encoding the beta/A4 amyloid protein precursor (APP) and microtubule-associated protein tau was studied in an embryonal carcinoma cell line (P19) that differentiates in vitro into cholinergic neurons after treatment with retinoic acid. Expression of APP increased 34- (mRNA) and 50-fold (protein) during neuronal differentiation; APP-695 accounted for most of this increase. These remarkable increases in APP expression coincided with a proliferation of neuronal processes and with an increase in content of tau mRNA. Moreover, subsequent decreases in the levels of APP and tau mRNA coincided with the onset of the degeneration of the neuronal processes. Immunocytochemical staining suggested that greater than 85% of the P19-derived neurons are cholinergic and that APP is present in the neuronal processes and cell bodies. These results suggest that APP may play an important role in construction of neuronal networks and neuronal differentiation and also indicate that this embryonal carcinoma cell line provides an ideal model system to investigate biological functions of APP and the roles of APP and tau protein in development of Alzheimer's disease in cholinergic neurons.     

Breast Carcinoma With Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells

The cytological and histological findings of a case of breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells are presented. A fine needle aspiration specimen demonstrated the characteristic combination of malignant epithelium and reactive multinucleated cells and enabled identification of this rare variant of breast cancer. Immunocytochemical studies using the monoclonal antibody KP1[CD68] support a histiocytic origin for the osteoclast-like cells.     

Sensitivity of cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells toAcinetobacter glutaminase-asparaginase

Summary Cultured human pancreatic carcinoma cells (MIA PaCa-2) have been shown previously to be very sensitive toE. coli l-asparaginase (EC II). The present studies have demonstrated that another enzyme,Acinetobacter glutaminase-asparaginase (AGA) is much more effective in inhibiting cell growth. At the concentration of 0.0025 U/ml of AGA activity the enzyme totally inhibited cell growth, whereas the EC II with the same concentration did not show any effect. The inhibition of cell growth correlated well with inhibition of protein and glycoprotein synthesis. The addition ofl-glutamine at the concentration of 1 mM completely reversed the inhibition of protein synthesis. Similarly, the addition ofl-glutamine at the concentration of 3 mM daily on 3 successive days after adding AGA resulted in significant reversal of growth inhibition. The results of this study indicate that the action of AGA on MIA PaCa-2 is, to a great extent, exerted through itsl-glutaminase activity. This work was supported in part by USPHS Grant CA 19182. Dr. Wu is recipient of Research Career Development Award Grant CA00686 and Dr. Yunis is a Howard Hughes Investigator.     

The effects of laminin on the growth and differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells in defined media

In this paper we have examined the growth and differentiation of the embryonal carcinoma cell line, F₉, in the defined medium EM-3 at low density. We show that the growth of F₉ and their differentiated cells (F₉-diff) in EM-3 is strongly density dependent. At low cell densities the growth of both cell types is severely limited and most of the cells do not survive. Although this poses a problem for working with F₉ and F₉-diff in EM-3, it provides a convenient assay for identifying molecules that support their growth at low density. Using this assay, we have determined that laminin, a newly isolated glycoprotein of basement membranes, significantly improves the growth and short-term survival of both F₉ and F₉-diff. However, addition of laminin to EM-3 is insufficient to promote the clonal growth of these cell types. Our findings also indicate that laminin promotes the attachment of F₉ and F₉-diff in defined media. On the basis of our results, we propose an attachment function for laminin during the early stages of mammalian development.     

Bombesin production by human small cell carcinoma of the lung

A series of continuous cell lines of human small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) have been evaluated for the production of bombesin (BN). In early established cultures BN was detected in the medium of 9 out of 11 cell lines and in 6 out of 7 cell homogenates examined. Levels in the medium were frequently higher in cultures of later passages compared to earlier passages of the same line and low levels developed in the two previously negative cell lines. Plasma concentrations were greater than 80 pmol/l in 2 out of 27 (7%) randomly selected patients with SCCL. A culture (DMS 406) established from the tumor of a patient with the highest plasma level (1240 pmol/l) was the highest producer in vitro. The results indicate that BN, which has been demonstrated immunocytochemically to be present in normal bronchial mucosal cells, is frequently produced by SCCL in vitro but elevated plasma levels are infrequently found in patients with this neoplasm.     

Receptors for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin: New cell surface markers on a spontaneous leukemia

$\text{Dolichos biflorus}$ agglutinin (DBA), which is specific for terminal α-N-acetylgalactosamine, bound to a spontaneous leukemia cell of $\text{GRS}\text{A}$ mice, but not to lymphoid cells of the host. The DBA receptors were isolated from the leukemia cell labeled with [³H]-galactose after detergent solubilization and affinity chromatography on DBA-agarose. The major component of the receptors migrated as a glycoprotein of apparent molecular weight 100,000 upon SDS gel electrophoresis. Alkaline treatment degraded the glycoproteins, releasing oligosaccharides of molecular weight around 1,000.     

Diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology in histological grade 1 breast carcinomas: are we good enough?

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of both palpable and non-palpable breast carcinomas has a high accuracy and sensitivity in dedicated centres. It is generally thought that low-grade carcinomas have a distinctly lower sensitivity due to discrete cellular atypia that may be difficult to appreciate. Grade 1 carcinomas make up about 45% of screening-detected breast carcinomas and about 20% of symptomatic breast cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of grade 1 carcinomas and identify the critical features in the cytological diagnostic work-up of these tumours. Methods: There were FNAC smears from 494 histologically confirmed grade 1 carcinomas diagnosed during 1996–2004. The cytological diagnoses were compared with the histology. Results: A definitive malignant diagnosis (absolute sensitivity) was given in 382 cases (77.3%). Equivocal or suspicious diagnoses were given in 75 (15.2%), benign or probably benign (false negative) in 24 (4.8%). Thirteen cases (2.6%) were unsatisfactory. Complete sensitivity was 92.7%. Invasive ductal carcinomas comprised 81.3% of all cases; absolute sensitivity for these was 80.9%. Invasive lobular and tubular carcinomas comprised 7.3% and 5.9% of cases, respectively; absolute sensitivity for these diagnosis was 50.0% and 57.1%, respectively, significantly lower than for other subtypes (P ≤ 0.0001) whereas the difference for complete sensitivity was less but still significant (P = 0.017). Absolute and complete sensitivities were lower for tumours less than 1 cm size compared with more than 1 cm (P ≤ 0.00001). Conclusion: Preoperative FNAC diagnosis of grade 1 breast carcinoma has a high sensitivity, especially in ductal carcinomas. Invasive lobular and tubular carcinomas were less likely to receive a definite preoperative diagnosis. The main reason for not reaching a definitive malignant diagnosis was sampling error due to small tumours less than 1 cm in diameter, irrespective of tumour subtype.