Taming the Beast: Managing Hydrology to Control Carolina Willow (Salix caroliniana) Seedlings and Cuttings

Historically, wetlands along the St. Johns River, Florida, were dominated by herbaceous marshes. However, in the last 50 years many areas transformed to shrub‐dominated wetlands, at the same time a system of levees and canals was constructed to control flooding. We tested the role of water management in controlling Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana), a native shrub that accounts for most of this shift. We assessed survival and growth of seedlings and cuttings on four artificial islands. We planted willow seedlings and cuttings at the spring waterline and at three higher levels (+17.5, +35, and +50 cm) and evaluated their responses to natural hydrologic fluctuations. Overall, seedlings had lower survival than cuttings. Highest mortality occurred during summer floods and willows greater than 50 cm above marsh surface had the highest survivorship. Surviving seedlings attained similar height and biomass among elevations, but the cuttings had greater stem diameter, stem height, and biomass at higher elevations. In the second experiment, we planted seedlings and short (25 cm) and tall (50 cm) cuttings at the waterline and at three higher levels (+25, +35, and +50 cm) in artificial ponds with controlled water levels. Before flooding, seedlings at the highest elevation suffered some mortality due to desiccation, but after flooding, they had the highest survival. Elevation did not affect cutting survival, but those at the lowest elevation had the greatest height and biomass. Hydrologic manipulation can be a powerful tool to control willow establishment. However, its success depends on timely and prolonged inundation or water drawdown .     

Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Bank Sediments from along the Yamuna River in Delhi,India

The River Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri glacier of the Himalayas and travels 22 km in the Delhi region. The river is used for various purposes in Delhi including drinking water supply. Twenty-eight polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners were measured in bank sediments along the river, and their ecotoxicological risk was evaluated. Concentrations of ∑28PCBs varied from 0.20–21.16 ng g^?1 (dry wt.) with mean and median values of 6.63 ng g^?1 and 5.84 ng g^?1 (±0.69 ng g^?1), respectively. The concentration of 12 dl-PCBs concentrations varied from 0.04–2.86 ng g^?1 with a mean of 1.04 ± 0.11 ng g^?1, and their toxic equivalency ranged between <0.01–28.67 pg WHO-TEQ g^?1 with a mean of 10.77 ± 1.06 pg WHO-TEQ g^?1. CB-37, CB-44, CB-114, and CB-118 congeners were dominant among all PCBs congeners. The tri-PCBs (49%) were the main contributors to the PCB homolog followed by tetra-PCBs (35%), and penta-PCB (14%). Because there are no environmental guidelines in India for PCBs in river and marine sediments, concentrations of PCBs and their toxic equivalents were compared in a screening-level assessment with established freshwater sediment quality guidelines and found lower than those guideline values, which suggests no adverse ecotoxicological effect.     

珠江三角洲不同污染梯度下森林优势种叶片和枝条S含量比较

植物的吸储作用对降低环境中含硫污染物浓度有积极意义。筛选珠江三角洲地区具有不同污染程度的3处森林类型,检测了32个树种叶片和枝条中的总S含量(其中广州市白云区帽峰山次生常绿阔叶林16个树种,广州市南沙区海岸防护人工林11个树种,佛山市顺德区龙凤山人工改造恢复林5个树种)。结果显示:该32个物种的叶片和枝条中硫含量平均值分别为(0.24±0.02)%和(0.14±0.02)%,叶片硫含量显著高于枝条中的(P=0.000)。相同森林类型不同物种间叶片(和枝条)中硫含量呈现显著差异。帽峰山和南沙森林样地中优势种叶片(和枝条)中硫含量近似,分别为(0.22±0.01)%和(0.22±0.02)%(枝条:(0.13±0.01)%和(0.10±0.01)%);而龙凤山的最高,叶片和枝条中分别为(0.39±0.13)%和(0.28±0.09)%;多重检验结果显示,在龙凤山森林类型植物体吸储硫元素的量,显著大于帽峰山和南沙森林类型,这与不同森林类型所处空气环境中S污染物格局较为吻合。在近缘类群中(如豆科、樟科),叶片(和枝条)中硫含量的差异显著,暗示近缘植物类群(在科的水平上)在吸储硫元素方面受系统发育约束作用不明显。在本土树种和引进树种中,叶片(和枝条)中硫含量没有显著差异,可能与所处环境的过滤作用相关。广州和佛山地区各林型的植物体内硫含量存在的差异,基本反映出该两地区空气环境中受含硫污染物的影响程度。今后在该地区的造林过程中,应更多考虑应用S污染物吸储能力较强的树种,并注重本土树种和引进树种的组配,构建适应当地环境条件的森林群落。     

原位生物技术对城市重污染河道底泥的治理效果

以扬州市典型城市内河河道为例研究了人工曝气、生态砖覆盖、生物填料覆盖、低位植物浮床(简称低位浮床)等原位生态处理技术对河道底泥污染释放及其对上覆水污染负荷贡献的治理效果.研究结果表明:经不同原位生态处理后,1)底泥中氨氮的释放速率下降50.3％-89.64％,平均为59.27％;底泥污染释放对上覆水氨氮负荷贡献量的去除率为36.59％-82.67％,平均为53.33％;2)底泥中总氮的释放速率下降20.96％-88.94％,平均为42.32％;底泥总氮释放对上覆水污染负荷贡献量的污染去除率为38.00％-67.06％,平均为54.96％;3)底泥中总磷的释放速率下降27.49％-91.00％,平均为55.31％;底泥总磷释放对上覆水总磷污染负荷贡献量的去除率为67.14％-98.46％,平均为84.33％;4)底泥中CODMn的释放速率下降11.84％-79.32％,平均为41.16％;底泥上覆水中CODMn的释放速率下降-1.25％--70.74％,平均为29.83％.研究还发现,原位生态处理技术在运行中对底泥污染治理的效果受该技术对底泥的扰动程度的影响,在进行集成应用的时候,对底泥扰动较大的技术应与对底泥扰动较小的技术相间应用,以减少工程技术运行中对底泥扰动造成的污染爆发式释放,达到更好的整体处理效果.     

九龙江源头山地河流河岸带植物区系研究

在野外调查、标本采集和综合分析国内有关山地河流河岸带植被研究的基础上,探讨山地河流河岸带植物区系特征。调查表明：九龙江源头山地河流共有维管植物145科390属574种,其中蕨类植物29科54属80种,裸子植物6科8属10种,被子植物110科328属484种。综合分析表明,山地河流（以九龙江源头河段为例）河岸带植被具有如下典型特征：（1）植物区系组成丰富,优势科、属明显,单型属、单种属和少种属,单种科、少种科比例大;（2）植物区系起源古老,珍稀、孑遗植物众多;（3）区系地理成分复杂,联系广泛,能充分反映区域气候、地形地貌和人为活动等自然和人为干扰条件。表明山地河流河岸带在区域生物多样性保护中具有极其重要的价值。     

安徽铜陵河流附生细菌多样性

通过对铜陵地区不同河段的上覆水和沉积物的理化性质进行分析,结合聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）的方法,研究了铜陵不同河段中附生细菌的多样性及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,8个河段中上覆水和沉积物的营养水平及重金属含量存在较大差异,不同河段附生细菌的多样性指数也存在差异。数据分析表明,铜陵河流中黄浒河附生细菌的多样性最高,顺安河下游和钟仓河附生细菌的多样性最低。这种差异主要与河段间上覆水和沉积物不同的营养水平、重金属含量水平等因素有关。附生细菌的香农-威纳多样性与上覆水中的氨态氮（NH3-N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、可溶性正磷酸盐（PO3-4-P）和高锰酸盐指数（COD Mn）呈显著或极显著负相关,与沉积物中镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）和锌（Zn）的含量具有显著或极显著正相关性。     

Dramatic changes in a phytoplankton community in response to local and global pressures: a 24‐year survey of the river Loire (France)

The impact of climate change and of other anthropogenic pressures on the structure and composition of phytoplankton communities of large European rivers remains poorly documented. Here we report the findings of a study of the changes in the phytoplankton community of the middle segment of the river Loire over the past 24 years. An attempt is made to distinguish between the impact of changes acting at the local scale and that of those acting more globally. A dramatic reduction in phytoplankton abundance was observed, particularly in the mid ‐1990s; this was concomitant with an increase in the relative proportion of cyanobacteria. At the same time, the phytoplankton community displayed increasing richness and diversity, and little change in its size structure. All these changes seem to be related to local changes, in particular to the reduction in phosphorus concentrations, as well as to changes in climate, throughout modifications in the river discharge and water temperature. Interestingly, herbicide contamination also appeared to be of particular importance in explaining the unexpected increase in the proportion of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton community after the 1990s. These findings suggest that combinations of numerous anthropogenic pressures acting at different spatial and temporal scales have led to a mix of predictable and unpredictable changes occurring in the phytoplankton community of the river Loire, with probable consequences for the trophic networks in this river.     

Ugan古河道胡杨可培养内生细菌的多样性

摘要：【目的】为了了解塔河废弃古河道胡杨可培养内生细菌的多样性。【方法】从2棵胡杨树干部抽出其内存液,采用三种不同的培养基对样品的内生细菌进行了分离纯化;对它们进行16S rDNA测定和系统进化分析。【结果】分离纯化不同表型的细菌62株,对它们的16S rDNA序列分析表明,62株菌分别属于四个大类群;厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alpha Proteobacteria) 、γ-变形菌纲(Gamma Proteobacteria),18个属,32个种;芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属是胡杨可培养内生细菌的优势细菌种群,它们分别占已测种群的40.32%、16.13%。其中菌株KTH-63为葡萄球菌科的潜在的新属新种,它与最近源菌株的16S rDNA序列相似率为92.491%;9株菌KLH-21、KLH-1、KTH-8、KTH-14、KNA-26、KLH-18、KTH-20、KNA-3、KLH-25是潜在的新种（16S rDNA相似率为96.089 %-97.769 %）,胡杨树干内存液中潜在新种的发现率高达总分离检测菌株的16.13 % 。本研究获得的胡杨可培养内生细菌的群落结构数据给植物内生细菌新增了10个属,18个种。【结论】胡杨具有多样性极其丰富的可培养内生细菌菌种资源,土著新种的发现频率超出了预期,胡杨可培养内生细菌的群落结构极大地刷新了植物内生细菌的种群记录,极具进一步发掘的潜力。