Nasal and oral calls in mother and young trunk-nosed saiga antelopes,Saiga tatarica

The trunk-like nose of the saiga antelope Saiga tatarica is a striking example of an exaggerated trait, assumed to having evolved as a dust filter for inhaled air. In addition, it functions to elongate the vocal tract in harem saiga males for producing low-formant calls that serve as a cue to body size for conspecifics. This study applies the source–filter theory to the acoustics of nasal, oral and nasal-and-oral calls that were recorded from a captive herd of 24 mother and 32 neonate saigas within the first 10 days postpartum. Anatomical measurements of the nasal and oral vocal tracts of two specimens (one per age class) helped to establish the settings for the analysis of formants. In both mother and young, the lower formants of nasal calls/call parts were in agreement with the source–filter theory, which suggests lower formants for the longer nasal vocal tract than for the shorter oral vocal tract. Similar fundamental frequencies of the nasal and oral parts of nasal-and-oral calls were also in agreement with the source–filter theory, which postulates the independence of source and filter. However, the fundamental frequency was higher in oral than in nasal calls, probably due to the higher emotional arousal during the production of oral calls. We discuss production mechanisms and the ontogeny of formant patterns of oral and nasal calls among bovid and cervid species with and without a trunk-like nose.     

Improving foliar applications of entomopathogenic nematodes by selecting adjuvants and spray nozzles

This study explores the influence of a selection of adjuvants and of three different nozzle sizes on the foliar application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Two EPN species were studied: Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema carpocapsae. A viability test of EPNs suspended in different solutions of adjuvants showed that all selected alcohol ethoxylates and an alkyl polysaccharide have an immobilising effect on the selected nematode species. In a sedimentation test, xanthan gum proved to be the only adjuvant in a broad selection, capable of delaying sedimentation of EPNs in suspension. Without xanthan gum, sedimentation of S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae was noticeable after 20 and 10 minutes, respectively. When xanthan gum (0.3 g/L) was added to the suspension, no signs of sedimentation were noticed after 20 minutes with both EPN species. An ISO 02 flat fan nozzle can clog when spraying S. carpocapsae. A deposition test determined that an ISO 04 standard flat fan nozzle provides a higher relative deposition on cauliflower leaves and is therefore a better nozzle choice than the bigger ISO 08 standard flat fan nozzle for spraying S. carpocapsae. The addition of a spreading agent improved the deposition of S. carpocapsae. Adding xanthan gum to the EPN-spreading agent mixtures did not further improve deposition.     

口腔雾化药物吸入联合小儿双金清热口服液治疗疱疹性口炎的临床疗效

目的:研究口腔雾化药物吸入联合小儿双金清热口服液治疗疱疹性口炎的临床疗效。方法:选择2012年5月至2014年5月在我院接受治疗的疱疹性口炎患者122例实施研究。根据数字法随机分成观察组及对照组各61例,观察组给予口腔雾化药物吸入以及小儿双金清热口服液进行治疗,对照组单纯给予小儿双金清热口服液进行治疗,对比两组治疗后的疗效、相关康复指标以及治疗后的不良反应。结果:观察组的总有效率是98.36%,显著高于对照组的88.52%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的热退时间和疱疹消退时间以及康复时间均分别显著少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。观察组治疗后的总不良反应发生率与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:利用口腔雾化药物吸入联合小儿双金清热口服液对疱疹性口炎患儿进行治疗,效果较好,安全性更高,值得在临床上推广应用。     

NT-pro BNP与LAVI对原发性高血压患者左心室舒张功能的评价

目的:应用左房容积指数(LAVI)与血清N末端脑钠肽原(NT-pro BNP)水平的变化情况评价原发性高血压(EH)患者左心室舒张功能。方法:选择2013年5月-2015年5月在我院接受治疗的原发性高血压患者100例。根据左房舒张功能将患者分为A组(E/A1,且Em/Am1)、B组(E/A1,且Em/Am1)、C组(E/A1,且Em/Am1)及D组(E/A2,且Em/Am1),。另选取同期在我院接受体检的健康志愿者100例作为对照组。观察并比较各组LAVI及NT-pro BNP水平,分析LAVI与及NT-pro BNP与原发性高血压患者左心室舒张功能的相关性关系。结果:原发性高血压患者E/A、LAVI及NT-pro BNP水平均显著高于对照组,而Em/Am则低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);原发性高血压患者中,LAVI及NT-pro BNP水平随E/A升高而递增,随Em/Am升高而递减,其中D组LAVI及NT-pro BNP水平显著高于其他三组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。根据Pearson相关性分析可知结果显示,原发性高血压患者LAVI与NT-pro BNP呈正相关关系(P0.05),但与E/A及Em/Am无明显相关关系(P0.05)。LAVI的截断值为29.040,NT-pro BNP为2.065时评价左室舒张功能存在异常的敏感度及特异度均较高(P0.05)。结论:LAVI及NT-pro BNP可较好地评价EH患者左室舒张功能情况,且:LAVI及NT-pro BNP二者之间联系紧密与原发性高血压存在一定的相关性,两者均能较为准确的评价原发性高血压患者的左心室舒张功能,值得在临床给予推广应用。     

血清尿酸、超敏C 反应蛋白与老年永久性房颤的关系

目的:探讨血清尿酸(UA)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、左心房内径(LAD)与老年永久性房颤的相关性。方法:选取2012年8月至2015年9月于首都医科大学宣武医院综合科住院的老年永久性房颤患者78例作为房颤组,选取同期住院窦性心律且无房颤病史的老年患者72例作为对照组,记录各组一般资料及超声心动图、尿酸、hs-CRP水平等,进行比较及相关性分析。结果:1与对照组相比,房颤组血清UA及hs CRP水平、左心房内径大小明显增高(P0.05),2以房颤是否发生为因变量,多因素logistic回归分析显示血清尿酸(OR=2.016,P=0.004)、左房内径(OR=4.180,P=0.001)和hs-CRP(OR=2.846,P=0.002)是老年永久性房颤发生的独立危险因素。3房颤组患者血清尿酸与hs-CRP水平呈正相关(r=0.28,P0.05),尿酸与左心房内径大小呈轻度正相关(r=0.12,P0.05)。结论:血清尿酸、hs-CRP、左房内径是老年永久性房颤发生的独立危险因素;尿酸参与的炎症反应和结构重构可能参与老年永久性房颤的发生。     

急性心肌梗死高龄患者心肌灌注水平影响左室重构

为了探讨高龄急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI)患者心脏超声特点,分析左室重构(left ventricle remodel, LVR)与心肌灌注水平的相关性,本研究选取2016年2月至2017年10月在广西医科大学第一附属医院治疗的高龄AMI患者104例,根据患者年龄分为A组49例(60~79岁)和B组55例(≥80岁),比较两组心脏超声指标,采用声学造影积分指数(contrast score index, CSI)评估两组术后心肌灌注水平。结果表明,B组后下壁心肌梗死比例为27.27%,明显高于A组(p<0.05);B组和A组前壁、下壁、前壁+下壁心肌梗死比例差异无统计学意义(p>0.05);B组左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)为(45.29±12.14)%,明显低于A组(p<0.05),左心房内径和左心室内径分别为(46.10径和左心室) mm和(57.29径和左心室内) mm,明显高于A组(p<0.05);B组经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术后6个月CSI为(0.68±0.20),明显低于A组(p<0.05);B组术后左心房内径和左心室内径分别为(50.01±8.10) mm和(64.10±7.02) mm,明显高于A组(p<0.05);左心室内径与CSI呈负相关(r=-0.312, p<0.05)。综上表明,≥80岁患者与60~79岁患者心脏超声特点有所差异,年龄超过80岁的患者心功能以及PCI术后心肌灌注水平较差;心肌灌注水平与左室重构有一定相关性。     

Incidence and predictors of left atrial thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation prior to ablation in the real world of China

BackgroundThe present study was to evaluate the value of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2VASC scores on predicting left atrial (LA) or left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients prior to ablation in the real world of China.Methods and resultsA total of 397 patients with non-valvular AF were analyzed to determine the relationship between CHADS2 and CHA2DS2VASC scores and LA/LAA thrombus identified on transesophageal echocardiography prior to radiofrequency ablation(RFA). LA/LAA thrombus was present in 38 patients (9.6%). There was a strong association between higher CHADS2 score or CHA2DS2VASC score and LA/LAA thrombus. No thrombus was identified in patients with CHA2DS2VASC score of 0 regardless of anticoagulation status. However, LA/LAA thrombus was detected in 2.9% patients with CHADS2 score of 0 without adequate anticoagulation, while no thrombus was present in the patients with CHADS2 score of 0 with adequate anticoagulation. Univariate analysis showed that heart failure (LVEF＜50%), LA≥40 mm, diabetes mellitus, previous stroke or TIA, CAD, hypertension, inadequate anticoagulation therapy, CHADS2 score of ≥2 and CHA2DS2VASC score of ≥2 were significantly associated with LA/LAA thrombus. Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that CHA2DS2VASC score of ≥2 (p = 0.02) and previous stroke or TIA (p = 0.04) were independently associated with LA/LAA thrombus regardless of anticoagulation status. ROC curve analysis showed that higher CHADS2 score and CHA2DS2VASC score could be similarly used to predict the presence of LA thrombus.ConclusionsBoth higher CHA2DS2VASC and CHADS2 scores were associated with LA/LAA thrombus in non-valvular AF patients prior to ablation. Although CHA2DS2VASC score and CHADS2 score had similar value to predict LA/LAA thrombus, CHA2DS2VASc score was better to identify low-risk patients for LA/LAA thrombus than CHADS2 score without anticoagulation. There will be a possibility of performing AF ablation or cardioversion in patients with a CHA2DS2VASC of 0 without TEE or anticoagulation therapy. The safety need to be verified by more multicentre randomized controlled clinical trails.     

芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉的制备及稳定性研究

目的:利用喷雾干燥工艺制备芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉,并研究菌粉的活性及稳定性。方法:以脱脂乳、海藻糖、β-环糊精和谷氨酸钠为保护剂,采用喷雾干燥(条件为:进口温度100℃,出口温度50～60℃,进样速度2～4mL/min)制备芽孢杆菌菌粉,以喷干存活率和菌粉活菌数为指标,选择最佳制备条件。结果:获得喷干保护剂配方为脱脂乳10.0%、海藻糖6.0%、β-环糊精13.0%、谷氨酸钠15.0%,喷干存活率为65.9%,菌粉活菌数为1.38×109CFU/g,存放180 d后菌粉活菌数为1.03×10~9CFU/g。结论:喷雾干燥工艺可以用于芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉的制备,获得的菌粉稳定性较好。