中国对虾两种球状病毒的免疫检测

以江苏、河北某虾场病虾组织中提取的对虾的两种球状病毒作为抗原,制备出特异性强、效价较高的抗血清,用对流免疫电泳,酶联免疫吸附,免疫电镜技术对五个不同地区的病虾材料进行检测,结果表明：江苏、青岛、河北地区的病虾组织中均含有相应的球状病毒病原。     

The use of immunological tolerance to investigate B lymphocyte replacement kinetics in chickens

A simple mathematical model has been derived, describing the irreversible inactivation of immature B cells by high doses of antigen during induction of tolerance, and the antigen-independent replacement of B cells by differentiation of their precursors. The latter leads to recovery from tolerance, the rate of which can be used to assess the rate of B cell replacement in experiments. The model has been compared with experimental tolerance to human albumin in newly hatched chickens.(1) It has been shown that this tolerance cannot be explained only by elimination of B cells but (2) the computed rate of B cell replacement agreed with the experimental rate assessed by immunization of tolerant chickens with a cross-reacting antigen. (3) In order to further verify the model, additional experiments to test the rate of B cell replacement were suggested by the model.     

Evolutionary conservation of the 3′ ends of members of a family of giant secretory protein genes inChironomus pallidivittatus

Summary Two cDNA clones representing the 3-end regions of BR1 and BR2 75S mRNA were obtained fromChironomus pallidivittatus. The regular structure characterizing the core of these genes, consisting of tandemly arranged repeat units, changes into a more irregular structure toward the 3 end. Distal to a standard type of repeat unit with a characteristic excess of positive charges, a new type of repeat with a high, negative charge density is interspersed among parts of the standard unit. The last 111 amino acids before the stop codon represent a unique region distinctly different in amino acid composition from upstream regions, and include two partially homologous hydrophobic regions. Sequence comparison of 3-end regions from clones representing BR1 and BR2 genes indicates striking sequence conservation in the unique part of the region. Analysis of the level of silent site divergence shows that the homology increases in the 3 direction up to the polyadenylation site. That the unique region is retained as a part of the secreted protein is shown by Western blotting.     

Patterns of nucleotide substitutions and implications for the immunological diversity of human immunodeficiency virus

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibits immunological hypervariability, which has been an obstacle to successful production of effective anti-HIV vaccines. In this study, we estimated patterns of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions in the env gene of HIVs, with the aim of finding characteristics of the mechanism which generates the immunological diversity of the env protein of HIVs. We found that nucleotide changes between A and G are predominant compared to those between other nucleotides. Since this feature is consistent with the pattern of nucleotide substitutions of other retroviral genes but is quite different from those of most eukaryotic genes, a high rate of nucleotide substitution between A and G appears to be specific for retroviruses including HIVs. We discuss the biological relationship between this biased substitution and the mechanism generating hypervariability of epitopes on the env protein of HIVs.     

Tumor vaccines in 2010: Need for integration

Induction of tumor-specific immunity is an attractive approach to cancer therapy, however to date every major pivotal trial has resulted in failure. While the phenomena of tumor-mediated immune suppression has been known for decades, only recently have specific molecular pathways been elucidated, and for the first time, rationale means of intervening and observing results of intervention have been developed. In this review we describe major advances in our understanding of tumor escape from immunological pressure and provide some possible therapeutic scenarios for enhancement of efficacy in future cancer vaccine trials.     

A comparative immunological study of catalases from coagulase-positive staphylococci

Protein homology studies with catalase as a reference point were carried out with coagulasepositive staphylococci belonging to Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius and S. hyicus. Antisera against catalases of S. aureus ATCC 12600 and S. aureus ATCC 12601 reacted very weakly employing double immunodiffusion and quantitative microcomplementfixation assay with cell-free extracts or catalase enriched preparations of S. intermedius or S. hyicus. The differences between coagulase-positive staphylococci could be confirmed by using the antiserum against S. intermedius H 11 catalase. Within the strains of the species S. intermedius immunological distances ranging up to 25 indicate a heterogeneity which justify the separation of the biotypes E and F on a subspecies level. Coagulase-positive strains of S. hyicus revealed neither a close relationship to S. aureus nor to S. intermedius.     

海珠益肝胶囊对免疫性肝损伤模型小鼠的保护作用

目的：观察海珠益肝胶囊对卡介苗（BCG）加脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠免疫性肝损伤的防护作用。方法：采用卡介苗（BCG）加脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠免疫性肝损伤,通过检测小鼠的血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性及肝脏病理变化来研究海珠益肝胶囊的保肝功能。结果：海珠益肝胶囊防治组小鼠血清ALT及AST活性比模型组显著降低,两组比较,差异有统计学意义。海珠益肝胶囊可明显减轻肝组织病理损伤,以大剂量组作用最佳;海珠益肝胶囊的使用使免疫性肝损伤小鼠肝细胞凋亡减少,且有剂量依赖关系。结论：海珠益肝胶囊对BCG加LPS诱导小鼠产生免疫性肝炎的模型免疫性肝损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

稀有鮈鲫HAN近交系的免疫与生化标记分析

目的 筛选稀有鮈鲫HAN近交系遗传质量检测标记.方法 采用鳞片活体移植和同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对稀有鮈鲫HAN近交系的遗传纯度进行检测.结果 在免疫标记分析中,鳞片同体移植存活率为96.7％以上,野生群体移植存活率为7.4％,而HAN系F22鳞片异体移植的成功率为80％,显著高于野生群体.在生化标记分析中,在HAN系F22中无多态性位点,不同个体的同工酶谱呈现高度一致,在野生群体中有2个多态位点即est2和est3,多态位点的比例为15.56％.结论 经过多代近亲交配,稀有鮈鲫HAN近交系生化标记基因已经纯合,鳞片异体移植存活率达到80％,表明HAN系具有较高的遗传均一性.选用鳞片的异体移植及酯酶和肌蛋白分别作为免疫和生化标记对稀有鮈鲫HAN近交系进行遗传质量检测是可行的.     

A组人轮状病毒NSP2基因的克隆、表达及免疫学性质研究

轮状病毒非结构蛋白NSP2在病毒基因组复制过程中起重要作用。在原核系统中重组表达了来自中国的第一株全基因组被克隆和研究了的轮状病毒NSP2,并进一步对其免疫学性质进行了研究。结果显示,在大肠杆菌中能够高效表达重组NSP2蛋白,而且该蛋白能够诱发豚鼠产生特异性抗体。Western blot和免疫荧光检测表明所得抗体不仅能与该重组NSP2蛋白发生特异性反应,而且可以与轮状病毒SA11株或Wa株感染的MA104细胞中表达的NSP2发生反应。以上这些结果为进一步研究该重组NSP2蛋白的结构、功能及免疫学性质奠定了基础.     

The space and time frames of T cell activation at the immunological synapse

The selective recognition of antigenic peptides by T cells requires the spatio/temporal integration of a panoply of molecular triggers. The space frame of T cell antigen receptors (TCR) interaction with peptide/MHC complexes (pMHC) displayed by antigen presenting cells is delineated by the micrometer-scale area of the immunological synapse. The time frame of T cell stimulation is governed by a series of short TCR-pMHC interactions that are integrated into sustained signaling leading to productive activation. We discuss here how approaching antigen recognition from the time and space angles is key to the comprehension of the puzzling process of T cell activation.