某些外界因子对真姬菇菌丝体生长的影响

本文报道了不周培养基、温度、pH值和碳,氮源对真姬菇菌丝体生长影响的研究。结果表明:真姬菇能在多种培养基上生长,其中在麦芽膏蛋白胨培养基上生长最好,在PDA综合培养基上生长较差:菌丝体生长最适温度为20—25℃,10℃或30℃生长缓慢,35℃不生长;pH5—8均能生长,其中pH6.5—7.0最适宜;对不同碳、氮源的同化吸收各异,其中碳源以麦芽糖、氮源以蛋白胨最佳。     

信息素信号通路基因在斑玉蕈生长发育过程中的差异表达

为了更清楚地了解斑玉蕈菌丝成熟、原基形成和子实体发育的过程,本研究对不同菌丝培养时期的栽培瓶进行出菇实验,并对其不同培养时期和生长发育关键时期的信息素通路基因进行差异表达分析,以期揭示信息素信号通路基因参与调节斑玉蕈菌丝的生长、子实体形成和发育的作用。研究结果表明：斑玉蕈菌丝培养40-80d过程中,子实体产量呈上升的趋势,说明菌丝的成熟程度对产量会产生重要影响。对斑玉蕈基因组中的信息素信号通路基因进行分析鉴定共获得了8个关键基因。信息素通路基因差异表达分析表明：在菌丝培养40-80d过程中,大部分信息素信号通路基因在第60天时表达量最高,其中ste20、cdc24和ste12上调了4-20倍,而在第80天出现下降。从菌丝恢复到扭结形成原基和子实体发育的过程中,大多数基因在原基时期表达量最高,其中ste20、cdc24、ste11和ste12表达量上调最为显著,在子实体成熟期这些基因表达量下降。因此,这说明在菌丝营养生长过程中,在第60天菌丝细胞增殖生长最为旺盛,而在第80天菌丝细胞基本停止生长,菌丝也逐渐达到成熟。同时,在菌丝生殖生长过程中,斑玉蕈持续地上调信息素通路基因表达使菌丝细胞不断地分裂增殖,从而使新生的菌丝扭结形成原基,其中ste3、ste20、cdc24、ste11和ste12基因可能对斑玉蕈菌丝细胞的分裂增殖和诱导子实体形成起到关键的作用。     

Effect of Sulfated Modification on the Molecular Characteristics and Biological Activities of Polysaccharides from Hypsizigus marmoreus

The effect of sulfated modification on polysaccharides from Hypsizigus marmoreus was examined by determining their molecular structures and bioactivities. The sulfation, which was implemented by using an orthogonal array design, produced polysaccharides with varying degrees of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.11 to 1.06. The sulfated polysaccharides exhibited a lower average molecular weight (M _w) and considerably higher radius of gyration (R _g) than those of native polysaccharide, suggesting that the conformation of the sulfated polysaccharides had been changed towards a more extended type. The inhibitory activity toward cancer cell growth was enhanced by treating with the sulfated polysaccharides by up to 34%, as compared to the native polysaccharide. In addition, treating with the sulfated polysaccharides increased the nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) release to levels comparable to those detected in the positive control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting that the sulfated polysaccharides might have strong immunomodulatory activity.     

CWI和HOG信号通路基因在斑玉蕈不同发育阶段的表达模式

为了更清楚地了解MAPK信号通路中的细胞壁完整性信号通路（cell wall integrity,CWI）和高渗透压甘油（high-osmolarity glycerol pathway,HOG）信号通路对斑玉蕈菌丝成熟、原基形成和子实体发育过程的影响及调节作用,对MAPK信号通路中的CWI和HOG信号通路基因在斑玉蕈不同菌丝培养时间（40、60、80和100d）和不同生长发育关键时期（24h、菌丝恢复期、菌丝转色期、原基期和子实体期）的表达模式进行分析,以期揭示这两条信号通路基因参与调节斑玉蕈菌丝的生长、子实体的形成和发育的作用。在斑玉蕈的CWI和HOG信号通路中经分析鉴定一共获得了15个关键基因。CWI信号通路基因表达分析表明：在菌丝培养的40-100d的过程中,大部分CWI信号通路基因在第60天时表达量最高,其中rho1、ssk1、ssk2和ste20的基因表达量上调了2-5倍,在第80-100天时出现持续下降。在HOG信号通路中的大部分基因也在菌丝培养的第60天表达量达到最高。其中sho1、ste20、ssk1和ssk2基因的表达量上调最为显著,而hog1基因的表达量在菌丝培养的第40-100天呈持续下降。子实体形成过程中两条通路的大部分基因在原基形成时期表达量最高,而在子实体时期表达量下调。其中HOG信号通路中的ssk2基因表达量上调最为显著。以上结果说明在菌丝生长过程中第60天时菌丝细胞生长增殖最为旺盛,而在第80天开始菌丝细胞基本开始停止生长,菌丝也逐渐达到成熟。同时在菌丝增殖生长过程中,斑玉蕈持续地上调CWI信号通路基因的表达来调控菌丝细胞壁的完整性,从而控制菌丝细胞壁的形成。其中bck1、mkk1和slt2基因可能对斑玉蕈菌丝细胞的分裂增殖和细胞壁的形成以及诱导子实体形成起到关键作用。     

Efficient purification of antiproliferative polysaccharides from Hypsizigus marmoreus with radial flow chromatography

The increasing commercial significance of natural polysaccharides for use in medicinal products is stimulating the development of efficient and easy scale‐up techniques for polysaccharide purification. In this research, the crude polysaccharides from submerged cultivation broth of Hypsizigus marmoreus were purified using radial flow chromatography (RFC), and the antiproliferative activity of the purified fractions was evaluated in vitro. DEAE Sepharose CL‐6B was selected to be packed in the RFC column based on its good resolution, physical stability, and low cost. Compared with axial flow chromatography (AFC), an efficient chromatographic process with significantly less time and buffer consumption but yielding higher polysaccharide recovery and resolution was established in RFC, which could clearly purify the crude polysaccharides into different fractions. An acceptable linear scale‐up effect of RFC from 100 to 500 mL was successfully achieved without loss of resolution and enhancement of time consumption. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays in cell cultures indicated that the purified polysaccharide fractions possess moderate antiproliferative activities in three different human cancer cell lines, but have significantly lower cytotoxicity in normal human cell lines in vitro. Among the polysaccharide fractions, the main purified acidic fraction W‐I could be considered as a novel potential antitumor agent candidate for several tumors, especially for human alveolar epithelial tumors. This research confirmed for the first time that RFC would be a new fast and efficient tool for purification of polysaccharides into different fractions, both at laboratory and commercial scales. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:872–878, 2014     

吉林省担子菌补记(五)

报道了 6种吉林省新记录担子菌 ,即斑玉蕈 [Hypsizygusmarmoreus (Peck)Bigelow],大幕侧耳[Pleurotuscalyptratus (Lindbl :Fr )Sacc ],矮包脚菇 [Volvariellapusilla (Pers :Fr )Sing ],白顶丽蘑[Calocybeleucocephala (Fr )Qu啨ｌ ],彩丽小菇 (MycenapictaHarmaja)和平截棒瑚菌 [Clavariadelphustruncatus(Qu啨ｌ )Donk ]。其中 ,斑玉蕈为首次在我国发现。     

曲酸对斑玉蕈子实体形成过程中木质纤维素酶的影响研究

为了探究曲酸增加子实体产量的机制,首先考察了搔菌后外源添加曲酸对不同菌丝培养时间出菇的影响。研究发现当菌丝培养时间过短或者过长添加曲酸都得不到很好的增产效果,菌丝培养时间在60-80d之间增产效率最高,并且后熟期60d的增产效率大于80d的增产效率。进一步研究发现添加曲酸可以提高菌丝利用基质中木质纤维素的利用率。更深入地研究发现,基质中的漆酶和纤维素酶活性在斑玉蕈的不同发育时期受到曲酸调控。漆酶活性在最初的菌丝恢复期和转色期酶活性低于对照组,但是在原基期、钉头期和子实体期酶活性显著地高于对照组;纤维素酶活性在整个发育周期中曲酸组都高于对照组,在子实体发育后期酶活性被提高3.16倍。最后,从分子水平上分析了漆酶基因和纤维素酶基因的表达量,研究显示添加曲酸后漆酶基因和纤维素酶基因在不同程度上被上调,这个结果与酶活的结果相一致。这些结果说明外源添加曲酸通过提高生殖生长阶段的菌丝利用培养基质中的漆酶和纤维素酶活性,进而提高菌丝利用木质纤维素,为斑玉蕈子实体生长发育提供更多的能源,实现增加子实体产量的目的。     

mr1e, a conotoxin from Conus marmoreus with a novel disulfide pattern

Conotoxins are well known for their highly variable structures and functions. Here we report the identification of a novel conotoxin named mr1e from Conus marmoreus . mr1e is composed of 11 amino acid residues cross-linked by two disulfide bonds (CCHSSWCKHLC). The spacing of intercysteine loops in mr1e is exactly the same as that in α4/3 conotoxins. However, the native mr1e peptide co-eluted on reverse-phase HPLC with the regioselectively synthesized ribbon disulfide linkage isomer (C¹-C⁴, C²-C³) but not the globular linkage isomer (C¹-C³, C²-C⁴). Although this peptide has the same disulfide connectivity as the χ-conotoxins, their sequences do not share significant homology. Thus, mr1e could be defined as a novel conotoxin family. By intracranial injection into mice, mr1e showed an excitatory effect. The characterization of mr1e certainly enriches our understanding of conotoxins, and also opens an avenue for further structural and functional investigation.     

斑玉蕈出菇产量与胞内外碳代谢的相关性分析

本研究收集了19株不同来源的斑玉蕈品种,通过ITS测序构建其系统发育树,随后根据菌株在木屑培养基与葡萄糖培养基的生长速度对菌株进行分类,选取生长速度差异明显的快、中和慢8株斑玉蕈菌株进行出菇实验及胞内外碳代谢指标的测定,探讨斑玉蕈生产性能与胞内外碳代谢的相关性。研究发现收集到的19株菌株均为斑玉蕈,亲缘关系近,遗传分化程度低;选取出的8株斑玉蕈菌株鲜菇产量与菌丝生长速度呈极显著正相关,菌丝生长越快,出菇产量越高。同时,斑玉蕈菌株鲜菇产量与菌丝湿重、还原糖、可溶性蛋白、滤纸酶(FPase)、CMC-Na酶(CMCase)、木聚糖酶和淀粉酶7个胞外碳代谢指标(ECMI)及胞内葡萄糖、己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(Pyk)、柠檬酸合酶(CS)、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶(KGDH)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD) 6个胞内碳代谢指标(ICMI)呈显著正相关。说明菌丝生长速度快的斑玉蕈品种,胞外基质分解速度更快,提高可吸收碳源的供应,胞内加强对碳的吸收与同化,为菌丝的增殖提供更多原料与能量。本研究分析了斑玉蕈生产性能与胞内外碳代谢的相关性,为斑玉蕈优良品种的鉴别与选育奠定基础。     

SNP-Based Genetic Linkage Map and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Associated with the Agronomically Important Traits of Hypsizygus marmoreus

White strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus are more difficult to cultivate than are brown strains; therefore, new white strain breeding strategies are required. Accordingly, we constructed the genetic map of H. marmoreus with 1996 SNP markers on 11 linkage groups (LGs) spanning 1380.49 cM. Prior to analysis, 82 backcrossed strains (HM8 lines) were generated by mating between KMCC03106-31 and the progenies of the F₁ hybrid (Hami-18 × KMCC03106-93). Using HM8, the first 23 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits were detected with high limit of detection (LOD) scores (1.98–9.86). The length, thickness, and hardness of the stipe were colocated on LG 1. Especially, length of stipe and thickness of stipe were highly correlated given that the correlation coefficients were negative (−0.39, p value ≤ .01). And a typical biomodal distribution was observed for lightness of the pileus and the lightness of the pileus trait belonged to the LG 8, as did traits of earliness and mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Therefore, results for color traits can be suggested that color is controlled by a multi-gene of one locus. The yield trait was highly negatively correlated with the traits for thickness of the stipe (−0.45, p value ≤ .01). Based on additive effects, the white strain was confirmed as recessive; however, traits of mycelial growth, lightness, and quality were inherited by backcrossed HM8 lines. This new genetic map, finely mapped QTLs, and the strong selection markers could be used in molecular breeding of H. marmoreus.