NaCl胁迫条件下木槿嫁接苗和扦插苗及其砧木海滨木槿的生理差异

采用盆栽试验方法,对0(CK)、2、4、6、8和10 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫条件下木槿(Hibiscus syriacus L.)和海滨木槿(H.hamabo Sieb.et Zucc.)扦插苗及木槿嫁接苗(以海滨木槿为砧木)叶片的叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及根、茎、叶中的K+和Na+含量,K+/Na+值等生理指标的差异进行了比较分析.结果表明:在不同质量浓度NaCl胁迫条件下,木槿嫁接苗、木槿和海滨木槿扦插苗的各项生理指标均有明显差异.各处理组木槿嫁接苗叶片的叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量不但高于对照也均高于木槿和海滨木槿扦插苗;总体上,尽管各处理组3种苗木的叶片相对电导率和MDA含量均高于对照,但木槿扦插苗的叶片相对电导率最高、MDA含量最低;随NaCl质量浓度的提高,各处理组3种苗木叶片的SOD活性均呈现波动的变化趋势,且波动幅度较小.在NaCl胁迫条件下,3种苗木根、茎和叶中的K+含量呈现波动的变化趋势,其中叶中的K+含量均最高;随NaCl胁迫浓度的提高,3种苗木不同器官的Na+含量均不同程度提高且均显著高于对照,而K+/Na+值均呈下降趋势;总体上看,不同处理组海滨木槿扦插苗根和木槿嫁接苗地上部分的K+/Na+值均最大.另外,在10 g·kg-1NaCl胁迫条件下木槿扦插苗植株均未成活.研究结果显示:以海滨木槿为砧木能提高木槿的耐盐性,使木槿嫁接苗的多项生理指标优于其扦插苗.     

入侵我国的木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒及其为害

棉花曲叶病是世界棉花生产上最具毁灭性的病毒病害,已在巴基斯坦、印度、苏丹、埃及和南非等国棉花产区广泛流行,造成巨大经济损失。目前,已克隆了与该病害相关的植物病毒8种,木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒（CLCuMV）即是其中之一,这些病毒均属双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属。CLCuMV是引起巴基斯坦、印度棉花曲叶病大流行的主要病原之一。该病毒由烟粉虱以持久方式传播,也可以嫁接传播,但不能通过机械摩擦接种传播和种子带毒传播;其基因组仅含有DNA-A组分,并伴随卫星β分子。自2006年首次在我国广东朱槿上检测与鉴定到该病毒以来,目前已在我国广东、广西和海南等多个地理区域发现该病毒引起的病害,受侵染寄主植物包括朱槿、黄秋葵、棉花和垂花悬铃花;同时,已入侵我国的CLCuMV及其卫星β分子的各地理区域和不同寄主来源的分离物DNA序列相似性均大于99％,遗传较稳定。基于文献报道及作者近年的研究,本文对棉花曲叶病的分布、病原、CLCuMV特性、已入侵我国的CLCuMV现状进行了较全面的综述,同时对入侵我国的CLCuMV来源及其威胁我国棉花生产的风险进行了讨论。CLCuMV＂对我国棉花等作物的威胁日益加剧,本研究可为该病毒的防控提供参考。     

半红树植物黄槿的生态生物学特性研究

黄槿是一种具有重要生态、药用和观赏价值的半红树植物,在海岸生态系统中发挥重要作用。对其生态及生物学特性进行研究表明:黄槿属典型阳生性植物,具有较高的光合潜能,适于在热带亚热带地区光照充足的环境中生长。其叶绿素荧光的光合电子传递速率-光响应曲线(RLC)显示,黄槿的相对电子传递速率(rETR)随光合有效辐射(PAR)的升高而逐渐增加,并在PAR 2 751μmol.m-2.s-1时达到最大值,说明其光合系统II在强光照下也能保持较高的电子传递效率。黄槿叶绿素荧光参数显示其具有较高的能量利用效率,叶绿素a/b值(2.44∶1)略低于理论值(3∶1)。黄槿对营养元素的利用率较高,植株体内N、P、K、Ca、Na、Mg的加权平均养分含量分别为1.23%、0.23%、1.34%、0.42%、0.24%、0.41%。P含量偏低,在其栽培过程中应及时补充P元素。该研究结果将对黄槿的引种、栽培及开发利用提供重要的理论依据。     

Control of Meloidogyne javanica and M. arenaria on kenaf and roselle with genetic resistance and nematicides

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and roselle (H. sabdarifla) were evaluated in nematicide-treated and untreated field soil naturally infested with either Meloidogyne javanica or M. arenaria. Root-knot indices indicated that the kenaf breeding line j-l-113 had moderate resistance to M. javanica and low resistance to M. arenaria. Kenaf cv Everglades 71 was highly susceptible to both M. javanica and M. arenaria, and roselle breeding line A59-56 was highly resistant. Both nematode species reproduced on all plant entries, but more larvae were recovered from the soil in plots planted to Everglades 71 than in plots planted to j-l-l13 or A59-56. In untreated soil infested with M. javanica, dry-matter yields were greater (P = 0.05) for j-l-l13 and A59-56 than for Everglades 71. The percentages of live plants at harvest were: j-l-l13, 88; A59-56, 93; and Everglades 71, 9. Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane) at 73.9 kg a.i./ha and DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) at 17.6 kg a.i./ha increased dry-matter yields significantly for all entries planted in soil infested with M. arenaria. Carbofuran (2.3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) at 5.9 kg a.i./ha did not increase the dry-matter yields of any entry. None of the nematicides increased the growth of any entry significantly in soil infested with M. javanica.     

响应面法优化扶桑叶黄酮超声提取工艺

以扶桑叶为研究材料,以Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计,利用响应面法对扶桑叶黄酮提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,超声波辅助乙醇提取扶桑叶黄酮优化工艺条件为乙醇浓度70%,超声提取时间70 min,液料比40∶1。在最佳工艺条件下扶桑叶黄酮提取的得率最高,为34.56 mg/g。     

Gas Exchange Characteristics and Water Relations in Some Elite Okra Cultivars Under Water Deficit

Thirty-days-old plants of two cultivars of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.), Sabzpari and Chinese-red, were subjected for 30 d to two water regimes (100 and 60 % field capacity). Leaf water potential and osmotic potential of both lines decreased significantly with the imposition of drought. Both the leaf pressure potential and osmotic adjustment were much lower in Chinese-red than those in Sabzpari. Chlorophyll (Chl) b content increased, whereas Chl a content remained unchanged and thus Chl a/b ratios were reduced in both lines. Drought stress also caused a significant reduction in net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g _s), and water use efficiency (WUE) especially in cv. Sabzpari. The lines did not differ in intrinsic WUE (P _Ng_s) or intercellular/ambient CO₂ ratio. Overall, the growth of two okra cultivars was positively correlated with P _N, but not with g _s or P _N/E, and negatively correlated with osmotic adjustment.     

红麻及其近缘种的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术分析了木槿属（Hibiscus)Furcaria组中纤维作物红麻（H.cannabinus)及其6个近缘种植物的25份材料,用筛选出的16个引物扩增出192个RAPD条带,它们表现出丰富的多态性。根据得到的RAPD指纹图谱,计算其Nei氏相似系数和遗传距离。并构建了它们的系统树。结果表明,25份材料可划分为7个组。H.penduriformis和H.calyphyllus两个种为一组;红麻种分为两个组,一组为栽培品种,另1组为野生型材料;其余4个种各成为1组。玫瑰麻（H.sabdariffa)和金线吊芙蓉（H.radiatus)的关系较近,而且两者与红麻的亲缘关系也较近,而其它四个种与红麻的关系较远。H.trionum与其它六个种的关系较远。     

木槿两变型花蕾的营养成分分析

植物的花是大自然的精华,许多植物的花中含有多种营养成分,具有强身健体的作用~([1]).木槿(Hibiscus syriacus L. )是集药用、食用、观赏、绿化、纤维原料于一身的木本植物~([2-3]),木槿的花、果、根、叶和皮均可入药,具有防治病毒性疾病和降低胆固醇的作用~([4-5]);其花和叶富含人体所需的营养成分和无机元素,国内外很多地区具有食用木槿花的习惯~([6]).木槿的品种丰富、花色艳丽、适应性强,具有比较广阔的药用和食用开发潜力.然而,目前针对不同品种木槿营养成分含量的研究还不够系统.     

NaCI胁迫对海滨木槿抗氧化系统和渗透调节的影响

以盐生植物海滨木槿为材料,不同浓度NaCl胁迫对其抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质和渗透调节物质含量的影响进行分析.结果显示随着NaCl浓度的升高,海滨木槿叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)的活性先升高后降低,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性呈持续下降趋势,但它们达到最高活性时的NaCl浓度不同;各处理的丙二醛(MDA)含量先下降后升高,但始终低于对照;抗氧化物质抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量均高于对照,且在200 mmol·L-1时达到最高;各处理渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸(Pro)的含量均较对照增加且升幅较大.研究表明,海滨木槿在NaCl胁迫下具有较强的活性氧清除能力和渗透调节能力,从而表现出较强的耐盐性.     

Light acclimation maintains the redox state of the PS II electron acceptor Q2 within a narrow range over a broad range of light intensities

Chrysanthemum inducum-hybrid `Coral Charm', Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. `Cairo Red' and Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel `Petit' were grown in natural light in a greenhouse at three levels of irradiance using permanent shade screens. Light acclimation of photosynthesis was characterized using modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence of intact leaves. A close correlation was found between the degree of reduction of the primary electron acceptor Q_A of Photosystem II (PS II) approximated as the fluorescence parameter 1−q_P, and light acclimation. The action range of 1−q_P was 0–0.4 from darkness to full irradiance around noon, within the respective light treatments in the greenhouse, indicating that most PS II reaction centres were kept open. In general, the index for electron transport (ETR) measured by chlorophyll fluorescence was higher for high-light (HL) than intermediate-(IL) and low-light (LL) grown plants. However, HL Chrysanthemum showed 40% higher ETR than HL Hibiscus at light saturation, despite identical redox states of Q_A. The light acclimation of the non-radiative dissipation of excess energy in the antenna, NPQ, varied considerably between the species. However, when normalized against q_P, a strong negative correlation was found between thermal dissipation and ETR measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. To be able to accommodate a high flux of electrons through PS II, the plants with the highest light-saturated ETR had the lowest NPQ/q_P. The possibility of using chlorophyll fluorescence for quantification of the energy balance between energy input and utilization in PS II in intact leaves is discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.