水生植物-微生物联合去除水体有机污染物的研究进展

近年来,随着经济的快速发展,大量有机化合物随着工业废水和生活污水排放进入水体,严重破坏了水环境的生态平衡,威胁着水生生物及人类健康。植物-微生物联合修复技术因具有修复效率高、持续时间长、投入成本低,而且不会产生二次污染等特点,在水体有机污染治理中受到了人们的广泛关注。本文综述了近年来水生植物-微生物联合去除水体有机污染物的应用现状,详细阐述了水生植物-微生物联合修复过程中的研究方法、作用机制及影响因素。以期不断完善和优化水生植物-微生物联合修复技术,为实现水环境有机物污染的统筹高效治理提供参考。     

稀有鮈鲫对不同生境的选择性偏好

对不同生境的识别和选择性偏好是保障鱼类生存和繁衍的重要能力之一。以稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）为研究对象,使用沙、水草和石块在观测水缸中进行多种排列组合以构建不同的生境类型,基于在各区域的停留时长和中线跨越次数两项参数,测试稀有鮈鲫对不同生境类型的偏好以及营养状态、生境组成物数量、环境照度对该行为影响。结果表明,稀有鮈鲫对不同的生境类型具有明显的选择性偏好,对仅水草生境偏好程度最高,对仅石块生境的偏好程度最低。该偏好行为在24 h的禁食后变化不显著（P > 0.05）,但生境组成物数量和环境照度对该行为具有显著影响（P < 0.05）,其偏好程度随水草数量和照度的增加而增加,在包含8棵水草及1 000 lx的照度下最高。     

唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴生境适宜性评价

生境适宜性评价是濒危物种保护的重要基础。川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）是栖息于温带森林的、中国特有的珍稀灵长类动物。位于岷山山系的四川唐家河国家级自然保护区是川金丝猴的重要分布地之一,但涉及该地区川金丝猴的生境信息却较缺乏。运用最大熵（Maximum entropy,MaxEnt）模型对四川唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴不同季节的生境适宜性进行了研究,发现四个季节的训练集和验证集的受试者工作特征曲线下面积（Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve,AUC）值均超过0.8,说明模型预测结果较好。结果显示：（1）影响不同季节川金丝猴分布的主要因子是海拔、河流和道路。（2）川金丝猴的适宜生境面积存在季节性变化。其中,春季的适宜生境面积最大,为233.94 km²,占全区面积的58.48%;夏季的次之,为192.75 km²,占48.19%;秋冬季的适宜生境面积相对较低,分别为145.54 km²（占36.39%）和142.63 km²（占35.66%）。（3）川金丝猴的适宜生境分布具有明显的季节性垂直变化。研究揭示保护好完整的森林植被带对川金丝猴的生存具有重要意义,尤其要重视对人为干扰较强的低海拔生境的保护。     

野化培训大熊猫的生境利用和空间格局

了解动物栖息地和空间利用模式是开展野生动物放归自然的重要前提。为明确野化培训大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca）在野外环境中生境利用特征和空间格局,本文以2只野化培训大熊猫为研究对象,基于其野外GPS项圈数据,通过数字高程模型（DEM）、动物移动模块等工具分析其在野外环境中栖息地利用状况。结果表明：随着在野外环境时间的增加,2只大熊猫由低海拔西南坡的阔叶林逐渐向高海拔南坡针阔混交林区域移动,且坡度利用也存在明显的差异,但均偏向在17°~20°的平缓区域活动。在野外环境的最初一个月,2只大熊猫平均日移动距离较大,之后逐渐减小并趋于稳定。2只野化培训大熊猫在野外环境初期,活动区域大小随时间的变化而呈现出无规律的变化趋势,活动区域主要集中在3~4个栖息地斑块,且斑块间面积和距离各异。因此,认为野化培训大熊猫在野外栖息地环境初期属于不稳定的随机选择模式。     

中国濒危兽类栖息地评估与保护研究进展与展望

目前全球物种正以前所未有的速度灭绝,对野生动物栖息地开展有效的评估与科学的保护是阻止濒危物种走向灭绝,保持其可持续生存与发展的重要前提和手段。本文针对我国的食肉类、有蹄类、灵长类、小型兽类、海洋兽类5个类别的濒危兽类,综述了其栖息地评估与保护研究进展的现状和成果,对相关学术成果进行了归纳与分析,以期为栖息地的科学保护与管理梳理出系统、可供借鉴的研究方法和技术手段,并对其理论和技术的挑战进行了展望,提出了我国濒危兽类栖息地评估和保护研究应走向整体化、定量化、智能化,以及多学科交叉融合应用的“精准化”发展方向,为国家生态建设工程的有效实施提供重要技术支撑。     

Evaluating human autosomal loci for sexually antagonistic viability selection in two large biobanks

Sex and sexual differentiation are pervasive across the tree of life. Because females and males often have substantially different functional requirements, we expect selection to differ between the sexes. Recent studies in diverse species, including humans, suggest that sexually antagonistic viability selection creates allele frequency differences between the sexes at many different loci. However, theory and population-level simulations indicate that sex-specific differences in viability would need to be very large to produce and maintain reported levels of between-sex allelic differentiation. We address this contradiction between theoretical predictions and empirical observations by evaluating evidence for sexually antagonistic viability selection on autosomal loci in humans using the largest cohort to date (UK Biobank, n = 487,999) along with a second large, independent cohort (BioVU, n = 93,864). We performed association tests between genetically ascertained sex and autosomal loci. Although we found dozens of genome-wide significant associations, none replicated across cohorts. Moreover, closer inspection revealed that all associations are likely due to cross-hybridization with sex chromosome regions during genotyping. We report loci with potential for mis-hybridization found on commonly used genotyping platforms that should be carefully considered in future genetic studies of sex-specific differences. Despite being well powered to detect allele frequency differences of up to 0.8% between the sexes, we do not detect clear evidence for this signature of sexually antagonistic viability selection on autosomal variation. These findings suggest a lack of strong ongoing sexually antagonistic viability selection acting on single locus autosomal variation in humans.     

亚热带-温带气候过渡区落叶阔叶林物种-生境关联分析

物种-生境关联分析有利于更好地理解物种共存理论和群落构建机制。根据秦岭落叶阔叶林25 hm²固定监测样地的调查数据,将树种分为幼苗、幼树和成树3个生活阶段,利用Torus-translation检验方法分析物种与不同生境类型之间的关联性。结果表明: 生境对各物种的影响不同。与高坡显著关联的物种数最多,其中95.7%为负关联;与低坡呈负相关的物种占89.5%;与山脊呈显著负关联的物种占90.9%;物种与高谷生境多存在显著正关联,呈负相关的只有1种,占0.03%。物种在幼苗、幼树和成树阶段与生境分别存在80、44和23个关联,表明幼苗阶段对生境的依赖程度更大。幼苗阶段的物种中有38个(占总物种数的90.5%)至少与一类生境存在显著的关联性;幼树阶段有25个(占总物种数的58.1%)至少与一类生境存在显著关联;成树阶段只有17个(占总物种数的39.5%)至少与一类生境存在显著关联。同一生境对不同生活史阶段物种的影响存在差异,到生活史阶段后期,生境的影响逐渐减弱。由于特定的环境需求,多数物种在不同生活史阶段表现出不同的生境偏好。     

Spatio-temporal analysis of Egyptian flower mantis Blepharopsis mendica (order: mantodea), with notes of its future status under climate change

Egyptian flower mantis Blepharopsis mendica (Order: Mantodea) is a widespread mantis species throughout the southwest Palearctic region. The ecological and geographical distribution of such interesting species is rarely known. So, through this work, habitat suitability models for its distribution through Egyptian territory were created using MaxEnt software from 90 occurrence records. One topographic (altitude) and eleven bioclimatic variables influencing the species distribution were selected to generate the models. The predicted distribution in Egypt was focused on the Delta, South Sinai, the north-eastern part of the country, and some areas in the west including Siwa Oasis. Temporal analysis between the two periods (1900–1961) and (1961–2017) show current reduction of this species distribution through Delta and its surrounding areas, may be due to urbanization. On the other hand, it increases in newly protected areas of South Sinai. Under the future climate change scenario, the MaxEnt model predicted the habitat gains for B. mendica in RCP 2.6 for 2070 and loss of habitat in RCP 8.5 for the same year. Our results can be used as a basis for conserving this species not only in Egypt, but also throughout the whole of its range, also, it show how the using of geo-information could help in studying animal ecology.     

Social networks based on frequency of roost cohabitation do not reflect association rates of Myotis lucifugus within their roosts

Bats are a group of mammals well known for forming dynamic social groups. Studies of bat social structures are often based upon the frequency at which bats occupy the same roosts because observing bats directly is not always possible. However, it is not always clear how closely bats occupying the same roost associate with each other, obscuring whether associations result from social relationships or factors such as shared preferences for roosts. Our goal was to determine if bats cohabitating buildings were also found together inside roosts by using anti‐collision technology for PIT tags, which enables simultaneous detection of multiple tags. We PIT‐tagged 293 female little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and installed antennas within two buildings used as maternity roosts in Yellowstone National Park. Antennas were positioned at roost entryways to generate cohabitation networks and along regions of attic ceilings in each building to generate intraroost networks based on proximity of bats to each other. We found that intraroost and cohabitation networks of buildings were significantly correlated, with the same bats tending to be linked in both networks, but that bats cohabitating the same building often roosted apart, leading to differing assessments of social structure. Cohabitation rates implied that bats associate with a greater number of their roost‐mates than was supported by observations within the roost. This caused social networks built upon roost cohabitation rates to be denser, smaller in diameter, and contain nodes with higher average degree centrality. These results show that roost cohabitation does not reflect preference for roost‐mates in little brown myotis, as is often inferred from similar studies, and that social network analyses based on cohabitation may provide misleading results.     

HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles associated with different hematological diseases in Chinese population

The purpose of this study was to explore the association between human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 allele polymorphisms and different hematological diseases in Chinese groups. Retrospective analyses of HLA genotyping data in high-resolution for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML, 766 cases), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, 330 cases), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, 605 cases), aplastic anemia (AA, 229 cases), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS, 204 cases) were performed, and the susceptible or protective HLA alleles of the above-mentioned diseases were analyzed by Chi-square test and Fisher exact test with unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donors as control. The Results indicated that A*0201, B*4402, C*0701, DRB1*1201, DRB1*1401, and DQB1*0602 might be susceptible genes of AML, while A*1101, A*3303, B*5801, C*0302, DRB1*0301, DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0502 might be protective genes of AML. A*3303 might be a protective gene of CML, and DRB1*1401 might be a susceptible gene of CML. ALL's susceptible genes included A*0201, A*0210, B*5201, DRB1*1201, DRB1*1401 and DQB1*0602, but its protective genes included DQB1*0502. For AA, A*0201, A*0206, B*1511, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1401, DQB1*0303, DQB1*0602 might be susceptible genes, while A*3303, B*5801, C*0302, DRB1*1602 and DQB1*0502 might be protective genes. A*0201, A*0206, B*1511, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1401, DQB1*0303. A*0201, B*1558, B*4801, B*5201, DRB1*1401, DRB1*1501, and DQB1*0602 might be susceptible genes of MDS, and A*3303, B*4601, B*5801, C*0302, and DRB1*0901 might be protective genes of MDS. On the basis of HLA high-resolution genotyping for the first time, this study comprehensively analyzed HLA alleles associated with different hematological diseases in the Chinese population, which should provide clues for further study on the pathogenesis of these diseases.